Embodiments of baking chambers are provided herein. In some embodiments, a baking chamber for baking a substrate includes: a chamber body enclosing an interior volume; a heater disposed in the interior volume, wherein the heater is configured to have a surface temperature of about 100 to about 400 degrees Celsius during use; a shroud disposed in the interior volume opposite the heater, wherein the shroud includes a central opening fluidly coupled to a gas inlet; a plurality of substrate lift pins configured to support a substrate in the interior volume between the heater and the shroud, wherein the shroud includes a plurality of first openings to facilitate the plurality of substrate lift pins; and a gas outlet disposed in the chamber body opposite the shroud such that a gas flow path through the interior volume extends from the gas inlet, around the heater, and to the gas outlet.

A radiating panel includes the following succession of layers: at least one supporting layer which is at least thermally insulating and constituted by a material chosen from extruded expanded polystyrene, sintered expanded polystyrene, and polyisocyanurate; at least one heating layer which includes at least one electric heating element and a studded element with interspaces for laying at least one electric heating cable. The studded element has a shaped sheet element with studs extending in the opposite direction to that of the supporting layer.

The panel includes at least one finishing layer which is at least thermally conducting and made of a material chosen at least from ceramic and natural stone.

The panel also includes an adhesive between the heating and finishing layers, and the studded element is coupled to the supporting layer using one element chosen from glue, extruded adhesives, silicone glues, pressure-sensitive adhesive systems, and mechanical fixing elements.

Provided is a maintenance method of a heat treatment apparatus including a chamber having a box shape and provided with a heater and a receiving member that supports a cassette having a box shape including a space in which a workpiece is supported. The maintenance method includes: attaching a loading/unloading jig including a roller on an upper portion and capable of moving the roller upward and downward, to the receiving member; transmitting the cassette supported by the receiving member onto the roller by raising the loading/unloading jig; unloading the cassette to an outside of the chamber by moving the cassette on the roller; loading the cassette into the chamber by moving the cassette on the roller; transmitting the cassette to the receiving member by lowering the loading/unloading jig; and detaching the loading/unloading jig from the receiving member.

A thermal radiation heater includes: a heater element layer including a planar conductive body; at least one front surface side layer including an outermost layer and provided close to a front surface of the heater element layer; and at least one back surface side layer including an outermost layer and provided close to a back surface of the heater element layer. The outermost layer close to the front surface has an emissivity of 0.7 or more, and the outermost layer close to the back surface has an emissivity of 0.6 or less.

An aerosol generating device including a housing of which is provided therein with a cavity for receiving a smokable material; a holding mechanism for holding the smokable material in the cavity along the radial direction and an infrared emitter located outside the cavity along the radial direction to radiate infrared rays to heat the smokable material. A distance between an inner surface of the infrared emitter and the central axis of the cavity is larger than the shortest distance between the holding mechanism and the central axis of the cavity, so that a certain space is maintained between the smokable material and the inner surface of the infrared emitter when the smokable material is received in the cavity, thereby preventing the infrared emitter from heating the smokable material by contact conduction.

In one or more arrangements, a heating system is provided having one or more heating panels positioned in a housing. The housing has a hollow interior with an open lower end. A first panel is positioned in the open lower end of the housing. The first heating panel includes a heating layer. The heating layer includes a conductive microfilm. A first electrical contact is connected to the conductive microfilm. A second electrical contact is connected to the conductive microfilm. In one or more arrangements, the conductive microfilm includes at least one layer of graphene or nanofiber carbon material. Application of a voltage difference between the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact causes current to flow through the conductive microfilm, thereby generating heat. In one or more arrangements, current which flows through the conductive microfilm causes the conductive microfilm to emit infrared radiation.

A heating mat system is presented for use with livestock. The heating mat system includes a heating layer positioned between an upper support pad and a lower support pad. The heating layer includes a conductive microfilm that has a generally planar shape extending between a front edge, a rear edge, and opposing side edges. In one or more arrangements, the conductive microfilm includes a layer of graphene. In one or more arrangements, the heating mat system has a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact that are connected to the conductive microfilm. When a voltage difference is applied between the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact, current flows through the conductive microfilm, thereby generating heat to the heating mat system and heating livestock positioned on the system.

The present invention provides an infrared sauna room with a low electric field and low electromagnetic wave radiation comprising a room body, heating plates with a low electric field and low electromagnetic wave radiation and shielding lines, wherein a plurality of heating plates with a low electric field and low electromagnetic wave radiation are distributed in the room body; the first insulating layer has concave points or/and convex points; and the shielding line comprises a stranded power wire, an electric field absorbing shielding layer and a wire insulating layer. Through the above-mentioned manner, the infrared sauna room with a low electric field and low electromagnetic wave radiation can significantly reduce electromagnetic wave radiation and electric field radiation for sauna rooms.

The described technology provides an electric heating apparatus with multiple heating lamps that can increase the heat emitted by a single heating apparatus, thereby allowing a minimal number of heating apparatus installations in the space where heating is needed, and can prevent fires by turning the power off immediately in the event of the heating apparatus falling off. According to the described technology, multiple heating lamps may be positioned within the reflector dish, and the heating lamps may have particular inclinations to allow a broader range of irradiation and increase efficiency in terms of installing, maintaining, and operating the electric heating apparatus; the heat of the reflector dish and the heating lamps themselves may be discharged by way of conduction at the upper portion of the reflector dish.

A MEMS hotplate is used as a test substrate for characterizing a temperature-dependent fabrication process. According to a variant, an array of MEMS hotplates is used to provide multiple test substrates which can be simultaneously heated to different temperatures to provide multiple different temperature-dependent characterizations of the process.