Disclosed herein are a cooking apparatus including a main body including a cooking compartment configured to cook food using microwaves, and a door configured to open or close the cooking compartment, wherein the door includes a door frame in which an opening is formed so that the cooking compartment is visible therethrough, and a shielding plate including a substrate and a multi-shielding layer, with which the substrate is coated to prevent microwaves in the cooking compartment from leaking to an outside, and coupled at the opening. The door of the cooking apparatus allows an inside of the cooking compartment to be better seen from the outside.

A resistive heating circuit for a heated or ice protected aircraft structure includes a flexible dielectric substrate, a resistive heating element supported by the substrate, and a bus bar. The bus bar is electrically connected to the resistive heating element and includes a conductive ink printed onto the substrate such that the bus bar and resistive heating element flex freely with the heated or ice protected aircraft structure. Heated or ice protected aircraft structures and methods of making resistive heating circuits for heated or ice protected aircraft structures are also described.

Provided is a heating sheet for a battery module, including: a surface heating element; an insulating layer on one surface of the surface heating element; and an insulating adhesive layer on the other surface of the surface heating element, in which the area of the heating portion of the surface heating element is 40% to 90% of the entire area of the battery cell to which the surface heating element is attached. Also provided is a battery module including the heating sheet for a battery module and the battery cell, in which the area of the heated portion of the battery cell is 40% to 90% of the entire area of the battery cell.

A planar heating structure is disclosed. The planar heating structure includes a glass substrate layer, a nanometallic transparent conductive layer, and a first passivation layer. The nanometallic transparent conductive layer is disposed on the glass substrate layer and receives a voltage to generate heat energy. The first passivation layer is disposed on the nanometallic transparent conductive layer and completely covers the nanometallic transparent conductive layer.

A vaporizer with a modular body design is disclosed. The vaporizer may include an atomizer with a bowl and a heating element. The heating element may be formed of glass. The vaporizer may be formed with an open architecture, such that various components may be interchangeably removed or modified. The vaporizer may be modified with different airways, batteries, atomizers or other suitable devices. The vaporizer may be formed with a slim profile to fit unobtrusively into a pocket.

Various implementations include a self-heating device. The device includes an electrically insulative layer, an electrically conductive layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The electrically insulative layer has a first surface and a second surface spaced apart from the first surface. The electrically conductive layer has a first surface and a second surface spaced apart from the first surface. The second surface of the conductive layer is coupled to the first surface of the insulative layer. The conductive layer includes a polymer. Conductive nanoparticles are embedded in the polymer. The first electrode and a second electrode are coupled to the conductive layer. The first electrode and the second electrode are spaced apart from each other and in electrical communication with each other through the conductive layer. The conductive layer produces heat through Joule heating when electrical current is passed through the conductive layer.

A heating film may include a base layer made of polymer resin, a plurality of electrode lines spaced from each other and disposed on the base layer, a mesh-type support layer disposed between the electrode lines and made of a thermally conductive material, and a heating layer that has first and second end portions connected to the respective electrode lines, is made of a carbon composite material, and generates heat when powered.

A transparent heating film according to an embodiment includes: a transparent substrate including a top surface in which a plurality of grooves are formed and a flat bottom surface; and a plurality of metal nanostructures located on the top surface of the transparent substrate. The metal nanostructures have a first distance from a middle plane of the transparent heating film, and an imaginary line extending from the top surface of the transparent substrate has a second distance from the middle plane of the transparent heating film. The transparent heating film includes a first region in which the first distance is shorter than the second distance, and the first distance is a shortest distance between a first point at which each of the metal nanostructure and the transparent substrate are in contact with each other and the middle plane, the first point being located in each of the grooves. A radius of curvature of the metal nanostructures in a region adjacent to the first points may be equal to or smaller than a radius of curvature of the groove in the region adjacent to the first point.

In a method of making a carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes (CNT) are mixed into a solution including polyacrylonitrile (PAN) so as to form a CNT/PAN mixture. At least one PAN/CNT fiber is formed from the mixture. A first predetermined electrical current is applied to the PAN/CNT fiber until the PAN/CNT fiber is a stabilized PAN/CNT fiber. A heatable fabric that includes a plurality of fibers that each have an axis. Each of the plurality of fibers includes polyacrylonitrile and carbon nanotubes dispersed in the polyacrylonitrile in a predetermined weight percent thereof and aligned along the axes of the plurality of fibers. The plurality of fibers are woven into a fabric. A current source is configured to apply an electrical current through the plurality of fibers, thereby causing the fibers to generate heat.

According to a method for manufacturing a sheet-like heating element and a sheet-like heating element manufactured by the method of the present invention, cubics are pulverized into nanoparticles, the nanoparticle powder is mixed with carbon to become an original yarn, and the original yarn is cut to a length of between 0.2 mm and 0.8 mm and mixed into a pulp liquid to be formed into nanoparticle pulp. The sheet-like heating element forms a space where the particles can be rotated so as to allow 90% or higher far infrared radiation, and thus contributes to the health of users, entails a low defective rate since no bending occurs during the manufacturing, can be manufactured in quantity at low cost, and can be used for multiple purposes.