A light emitting sealed body includes a housing which stores a discharge gas in an internal space and is provided with a first window portion to which first light is incident and a second window portion from which second light is emitted. The housing includes at least one flow path which is partitioned from the internal space and extends toward at least one of the first window portion and the second window portion.

A system for treating and/or preventing a viral, bacterial and/or fungal infection in the oral cavity and/or along the respiratory tract, in particular the interior of the nose, throat, trachea and/or lungs, of a patient by reactive species generated by plasma as well as a plasma for such use is disclosed. The system comprises a plasma source generating reactive species in a gas, the plasma source being configured to be located outside a body of the patient, and a species directing member forming at least one duct for guiding at least a part of the reactive species generated by the plasma source into the oral cavity and/or the respiratory tract.

A method for manipulating fractal forming information, also referred to as ct states, in a dimensional form of increasing and decreasing fractal compression roughly generated by the denominator of pi (fpix), n+1, and the formula 2f(x)^(2^x) including transitional steps between those stepwise increases and decreases by altering the compression of decompression targeting fractal states of the composite dimensional features (next lower dimensional features) or the resulting dimensional features (next higher dimensional features). Steps include identifying the ct states which are to be manipulated, select a compression or decompression ct state component to change the selected ct states, adding the compression or decompression components to yield the new ct states.

A plasma processing method according to an exemplary embodiment includes applying a first direct-current voltage to a lower electrode of a substrate support provided in a chamber of a plasma processing apparatus, in a first period during generation of plasma in the chamber. The plasma processing method further includes applying a second direct-current voltage to the lower electrode in a second period different from the first period during generation of plasma in the chamber. The second direct-current voltage has a level different from a level of the first direct-current voltage. The second direct-current voltage has a same polarity as a polarity of the first direct-current voltage.

A solid or liquid fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system such as a railgun shot injector, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to form a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an augmented plasma railgun recovery system and a gravity recovery system, (vi) a fuel pelletizer or shot maker comprising a smelter, a source or hydrogen and a source of H.sub.2O, a dripper and a water bath to form fuel pellets or shot, and an agitator to feed shot into the injector, and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power device comprising a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

Disclosed is a system and method for delivering reactive species from a plasma to a treatment area by scanning a linear array of stacked plasma elements across the treatment area. Reactive species output from each plasma element is calibrated, and during scanning each plasma element is modulated with a uniformity modulation and a dose modulation, enabling a predetermined contour dose distribution of reactive species to be delivered to the treatment area.

A method and an apparatus are provided for performing a fusion reaction. The method comprises providing neutral gas within a gas chamber, supplying energy to the gas chamber to initiate heating of a cathode and ionization of the neutral gas into protons and electrons, causing formation of a conducting channel due to the ionized neutral gas, causing formation of an electron layer outside the cathode based on set of thermionically emitted electrons by the heated cathode, causing acceleration of the electrons towards the cathode to cause the heated cathode to emit a set of secondary electrons due to a potential associated with the electron layer. The set of secondary electrons enhance strength of the electron layer. The method comprises causing formation of an electrostatic potential profile with dips and peaks, due to an electron-ion two-stream instability. The protons are accelerated towards the cathode at peaks and bombardment of the protons into the cathode enables fusion reaction.

Adjustable distal tips of cold plasma generating devices configured for introduction to and operation within narrow intra-body confines. In some embodiments, a plasma delivery tip of a cold plasma generating device is expandable from a compact delivery configuration, allowing device operation with plasma plume parameters difficult to achieve within size constraints of a narrow delivery catheter and/or endoscope working channel. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, operating parameters of a plasma delivery tip are adjustable to tune characteristics of the plasma plume. Adjustable parameters optionally include, for example: lumen diameter, lumen aperture shape/direction, discharge electrode geometry, dielectric barrier characteristics, and/or relative placement of these components, including placement relative to a stream of ionizing gas. In some embodiments, plasma delivery tip elements are adapted to assist device navigation and/or tissue penetration.

Adjustable distal tips of cold plasma generating devices configured for introduction to and operation within narrow intra-body confines. In some embodiments, a plasma delivery tip of a cold plasma generating device is expandable from a compact delivery configuration, allowing device operation with plasma plume parameters difficult to achieve within size constraints of a narrow delivery catheter and/or endoscope working channel. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, operating parameters of a plasma delivery tip are adjustable to tune characteristics of the plasma plume. Adjustable parameters optionally include, for example: lumen diameter, lumen aperture shape/direction, discharge electrode geometry, dielectric barrier characteristics, and/or relative placement of these components, including placement relative to a stream of ionizing gas. In some embodiments, plasma delivery tip elements are adapted to assist device navigation and/or tissue penetration.

In order to prevent the global warming by taking hydrogen out of gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc., a reactor 70 made of stainless steel is heated, at a temperature above 500° C., at a bottom portion where alkaline metal such as Li, Na, Ka, etc. is accommodated to be melted so that fine particles fly out to a plasma space 74 formed above the alkaline metal and having a function to amplify energy by the heat-oscillation of metal, and the first electromagnetic waves are emitted from a reactor wall to generate the second electromagnetic waves having an amplified energy in the plasma space, and further the second electromagnetic waves separate protons of nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, etc. to produce hydrogen.