The present disclosure provides an energy down-conversion system that receives energy from the outside and converts it into low energy, including a multifunctional emitting compound.

Provided are a photoelectric conversion element that can generate power with high efficiency and has high durability, and a method for manufacturing the same.

A photoelectric conversion element according to an embodiment includes a first electrode, an active layer having a perovskite structure containing a halogen ion, and a second electrode having light transmissivity, in which a Warburg coefficient of the active layer measured by an AC impedance spectroscopy method is specified. The element can be manufactured by applying a solution containing a precursor of the perovskite structure and then performing appropriate annealing treatment or gas blowing.

Provided are a photoelectric conversion element that can generate power with high efficiency and has high durability, and a method for manufacturing the same.

A photoelectric conversion element according to an embodiment includes a first electrode, an active layer having a perovskite structure containing a halogen ion, and a second electrode having light transmissivity, in which a Warburg coefficient of the active layer measured by an AC impedance spectroscopy method is specified. The element can be manufactured by applying a solution containing a precursor of the perovskite structure and then performing appropriate annealing treatment or gas blowing.

Methods and systems for fabricating photovoltaic devices are provided. A method includes forming a photovoltaic device comprising an active layer with one or more interfacial layers adjacent the active layer, wherein the active layer comprises a photovoltaic material and the one or more interfacial layers comprise a material configured to collect charge carriers generated in the photovoltaic material; applying pressure onto the photovoltaic device to increase an amount of electrical contact between the active layer and the one or more interfacial layer; and annealing the photovoltaic device.

Systems and methods for upconversion based on bulk semiconductor sensitizers are provided. In some aspects, issues with previous upconversion approaches are overcome using bulk-semiconductor thin films as sensitizers for the triplet state to achieve efficient upconversion based on triplet-triplet annihilation. Varying the film thickness shifts the threshold of efficient upconversion to subsolar incident powers, enabling practical applications for solar energy harvesting. Systems and methods are provided for upconversion of light in a solid state electronic device, the methods including exposing a bulk semiconductor to a first light source comprising light of a first wavelength, wherein the bulk semiconductor is associated with an organic material capable of upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation from triplet states in the organic material; and observing light emitted from the organic material at a second wavelength, wherein the second wavelength is shorter than the first wavelength. A one-step synthesis of solid-state upconversion devices is also provided.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes applying a solution that includes a first solvent, a halogen-containing precursor, and a metal halide to a substrate to form a coating of the solution on the substrate, contacting the coating with a second solvent to form a first plurality of organo-metal halide perovskite crystals on the substrate, and thermally treating the first plurality of organo-metal halide perovskite crystals, such that at least a portion of the first plurality of organo-metal halide perovskite crystals is converted to a second plurality of organo-metal halide perovskite crystals on the substrate. The halogen-containing precursor and the metal halide are present in the solution at a molar ratio of the halogen-containing precursor to the metal halide between about 1.01:1.0 and about 2.0:1.0, and a property of the second plurality of organo-metal halide perovskite crystals is improved relative to a property of the first plurality of organo-metal halide perovskite crystals.

The present specification relates to a heterocyclic compound and an organic solar cell including the same.

A composition for use in a preparation of a nickel oxide layer that includes Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.nH.sub.2O, wherein n is 0, 4, 6 or 9, at least one metal acetate, and a solvent combination that includes a diol, an alcohol amine, and water.

This invention relates to porous perovskite photoactive films, and more particularly, to porous perovskite films containing microgels. The present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of these films and to their use in perovskite solar cells.

The present disclosure discloses a method of manufacturing a multilayer perovskite structure, and a multilayer perovskite structure and solar cell manufactured using the same. The method of manufacturing a multilayer perovskite structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a step of forming a first perovskite layer using a compound including a first perovskite precursor on a base substrate; a step of forming a second perovskite layer using a compound including a second perovskite precursor on a donor substrate; and a step of laminating the first and second perovskite layers so that the first and second perovskite layers contact each other and then applying heat or pressure to form a multilayer perovskite structure.