Provided are methods, systems, and apparatuses providing flexible conductive substrates for nanomaterial/perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. One such apparatus may include a flexible conductive substrate, a nanomaterial layer disposed on the flexible conductive substrate, and a perovskite layer disposed on the nanomaterial layer. The flexible conductive substrate may be a cost-effective metal sheet such as a stainless steel sheet or an aluminum sheet. The nanomaterial layer may comprise semiconductor or oxide nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, or nanoparticles, such as gadolinium-doped zinc oxide nanorods. The perovskite layer may comprise inorganic or organic perovskite. The apparatus may further include an optically transparent conductive layer disposed on the perovskite layer. Optionally, the apparatus may include an electrical contact disposed on a portion of the optically transparent conductive layer.

The disclosure relates to the technical field of display, in particular to a luminescent film, a preparation method thereof, and an electroluminescent device. The luminescent film comprises: a crystallized blue-light perovskite material, and halogenated amine ligand materials grafted on the crystallized blue-light perovskite material, wherein the crystallized blue-light perovskite material comprises 3D perovskite nano-crystals; and the halogenated amine ligand materials comprise a first halogenated amine ligand material and a second halogenated amine ligand material, and the first halogenated amine ligand material is different from the second halogenated amine ligand material. The disclosure is suitable for manufacturing luminescent films and electroluminescent devices.

The disclosure relates to the technical field of display, in particular to a luminescent film, a preparation method thereof, and an electroluminescent device. The luminescent film comprises: a crystallized blue-light perovskite material, and halogenated amine ligand materials grafted on the crystallized blue-light perovskite material, wherein the crystallized blue-light perovskite material comprises 3D perovskite nano-crystals; and the halogenated amine ligand materials comprise a first halogenated amine ligand material and a second halogenated amine ligand material, and the first halogenated amine ligand material is different from the second halogenated amine ligand material. The disclosure is suitable for manufacturing luminescent films and electroluminescent devices.

To provide an organic EL device having high efficiency and extended lifetime while having a low driving voltage, and a compound suitable therefor. A material for an organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is comprised of an indolocarbazole compound represented by the following general formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein a ring A is a heterocycle represented by formula (1a); Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, or a linked aromatic group in which two to five of these aromatic rings are linked to each other; L.sup.1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group; L.sup.2 represents an aromatic heterocyclic group; Ar.sup.3 represents a carbazolyl group; and a+b+c≥1.

The invention relates to compounds comprising functional substituents in a specific spatial arrangement, devices containing same, and the preparation and use thereof.

Methods for attaching a reducible nanomaterial to an organic polymer are described herein. A method includes subjecting a reaction mixture that includes the reducible nanomaterial and the organic polymer to a reducing agent under reaction conditions sufficient to reduce the nanomaterial, activate the organic polymer, and attach the reduced nanomaterial to the organic polymer during the reaction.

An organic field effect transistor includes a channel structure having a photoalignment layer and an organic semiconductor layer disposed directly over the photoalignment layer, where a charge carrier mobility varies along a thickness direction of the channel structure. The channel structure may define an active area between a source and a drain of the transistor and may include alternating layers of at least two photoalignment layers and at least two organic semiconductor layers. Each photoalignment layer is configured to influence an orientation of molecules within an overlying organic semiconductor layer and hence impact the mobility of charge carriers within the device active area while also advantageously decreasing the OFF current of the device.

A thin-film transistor including: a gate electrode; a gate insulating layer that is in contact with the gate electrode; a semiconductor layer insulated from the gate electrode by the gate insulating layer; and a source electrode and a drain electrode that are in contact with the semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor layer includes a perovskite compound represented by Formula 1:

[A].sub.2[B][X].sub.6:Z  Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A includes a monovalent organic-cation, a monovalent inorganic-cation, or a combination thereof, B includes Sn.sup.4+, X includes a monovalent anion, and Z includes a metal cation or a metalloid cation.

A thin-film transistor including: a gate electrode; a gate insulating layer that is in contact with the gate electrode; a semiconductor layer insulated from the gate electrode by the gate insulating layer; and a source electrode and a drain electrode that are in contact with the semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor layer includes a perovskite compound represented by Formula 1:

[A].sub.2[B][X].sub.6:Z  Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A includes a monovalent organic-cation, a monovalent inorganic-cation, or a combination thereof, B includes Sn.sup.4+, X includes a monovalent anion, and Z includes a metal cation or a metalloid cation.

A display apparatus includes a light-emitting device with improved reliability while maintaining liquid-repellent properties of peripheral layers after plasma irradiation. The display apparatus includes: a substrate; a pixel electrode disposed on the substrate; a pixel defining layer disposed on the pixel electrode and having an opening that exposes a central portion of the pixel electrode; and a liquid-repellent layer disposed on the pixel defining layer and having an upper surface having a concavo-convex structure.