Various embodiments may include an organic electron-conducting layer comprising an n-dopant having the structure:

##STR00001## wherein L.sub.n denotes a number n of independently selected ligands L; M is a metal; R and R comprise compounds independently selected; n is from 0 to 5; m is from 1 to 6; n+m is from 2 to 6; and x has a value of 0, 1 or 2.

Light-emitting elements in which an increase of driving voltage can be suppressed are provided. Light-emitting devices whose power consumption is reduced by including such light-emitting elements are also provided. In a light-emitting element having an EL layer between an anode and a cathode, a first layer in which carriers can be produced is formed between the cathode and the EL layer and in contact with the cathode, a second layer which transfers electrons produced in the first layer is formed in contact with the first layer, and a third layer which injects the electrons received from the second layer into the EL layer is formed in contact with the second layer.

The present disclosure relates to the field of display technologies, and provides an organic electroluminescent device. The organic electroluminescent device comprises a hole injection layer. The hole injection layer includes at least one hole injection material and at least one free radical molecular material doped in the hole injection material.

The present invention relates to a process for the synthesis of B-site doped ABX.sub.3 perovskite nanocrystals. The process comprises the steps of loading non-halide precursors of A, B, and dopant in three neck flasks along with long chain acid and olefin, purging of the reaction mixture under heating, and finally injection of alkylammonium chloride stock solution in the reaction mixture at a desired temperature. Introducing transition metal such as Mn and other rare earths, etc., as dopants in the perovskite nanocrystals to induce a new optical window.

The display panel includes a plurality of light-emitting areas and a plurality of non-light-emitting areas, the plurality of light-emitting areas being space apart from each other by the plurality of non-light-emitting area; light-emitting elements each located in one of the plurality of light-emitting areas and including an anode and a cathode that are opposite to each other, and a light-emitting layer located therebetween; a cover layer covering a light-emission side of the light-emitting element. The cover layer includes a substrate and first dopants doped in the substrate, the first dopants are magnetic. When an external magnetic field intensity applied to the cover layer is changed by an amount greater than a preset magnetic field intensity, the first dopants in the substrate are rearranged from a first mode to a second mode.

Various embodiments may include an organic electron-conducting layer comprising an n-dopant having the structure: ##STR00001## wherein L.sub.n denotes a number n of independently selected ligands L; M is a metal; R and R comprise compounds independently selected; n is from 0 to 5; m is from 1 to 6; n+m is from 2 to 6; and x has a value of 0, 1 or 2.

Various embodiments may include an organic electron-conducting layer comprising an n-dopant having the structure: ##STR00001## wherein L.sub.n denotes a number n of independently selected ligands L; M is a metal; R and R comprise compounds independently selected; n is from 0 to 5; m is from 1 to 6; n+m is from 2 to 6; and x has a value of 0, 1 or 2.

Disclosed are a charge transporting varnish comprising a specific oligoaniline compound, an electron accepting dopant, a metal oxide nanoparticle, and an organic solvent; a charge transporting film prepared from the charge transporting varnish; an electronic device and an organic electroluminescent device having the charge transporting film; and a method for producing the charge transporting film using the charge transporting varnish.

Provided is a display device and a manufacturing method thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to a display device including a nickel oxide thin film co-doped with a copper monovalent cation and a copper divalent cation, and a manufacturing method thereof. The present invention provides a display device including a substrate, a first electrode layer disposed on the substrate, a first common layer disposed on the substrate, a light emitting layer disposed on the first common layer, a second common layer disposed on the light emitting layer, and a second electrode layer disposed on the second common layer, wherein the first common layer includes a nickel oxide thin film co-doped with a first metal cation and a second metal cation, and the oxidation number of the first metal cation and the oxidation number the second metal cation are different from each other.

The present specification relates to a solar cell.