A light emitting element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes a compound represented by Formula 1 below, thereby exhibiting a long service life characteristic.

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Disclosed are a light emitting device that includes an additional layer adjacent to a light emitting layer and thus is capable of utilizing, in light emission, holes not used in the light emitting layer, to improve efficiency and lifespan, and a light emitting display device including the same. The light emitting device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, and an unit comprising a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an efficiency-improving layer, and an electron transport layer sequentially stacked between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light emitting layer includes a first host comprising an anthracene derivative and a first blue light emitting dopant, and the efficiency-improving layer includes a second host having bipolarity and a second blue light emitting dopant.

A light-emitting device having an electron transport layer that includes a first electron transport layer including an inorganic oxide and a second electron transport layer including an organic material is provided. The first electrode is a reflective electrode.

A light-emitting device having an electron transport layer that includes a first electron transport layer including an inorganic oxide and a second electron transport layer including an organic material is provided. The first electrode is a reflective electrode.

A surface of a copper (Cu) electrode is modified by a combination of preliminary oxidation treatment and grafting of a bifunctional self-assembled monolayer based on fluorobiphenylthiol (FBPS) or biphenylthiol (BPS). Under these conditions, a dinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT)-based diode exhibits high mobility (0.35 cm.sup.2.Math.V.sup.−1.Math.s.sup.−1) due to the formation of an organized assembly of FBPS on copper oxide that has been partially reduced to Cu.sub.2O. This organization controls that of a semiconductor film. On the other hand, the same treatment of a copper electrode with BPS molecules does not function due to the disorganization of both the BPS self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and the DNTT film. These results suggest that a monolayer of dipole-oriented molecules lowers an injection barrier and determines the semiconductor organization, thereby improving the performance of derived electronic parts.

A surface of a copper (Cu) electrode is modified by a combination of preliminary oxidation treatment and grafting of a bifunctional self-assembled monolayer based on fluorobiphenylthiol (FBPS) or biphenylthiol (BPS). Under these conditions, a dinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT)-based diode exhibits high mobility (0.35 cm.sup.2.Math.V.sup.−1.Math.s.sup.−1) due to the formation of an organized assembly of FBPS on copper oxide that has been partially reduced to Cu.sub.2O. This organization controls that of a semiconductor film. On the other hand, the same treatment of a copper electrode with BPS molecules does not function due to the disorganization of both the BPS self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and the DNTT film. These results suggest that a monolayer of dipole-oriented molecules lowers an injection barrier and determines the semiconductor organization, thereby improving the performance of derived electronic parts.

Embodiments provide an organometallic compound, a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and the organometallic compound, which is represented by Formula 1.

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The description of Formula 1 is provided in the specification.

Provided are a heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, a light-emitting device including the heterocyclic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device:

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wherein the detailed description of Formula 1 is the same as described in the specification.

An organic electronic element, a display panel and a display device can each include a charge generating layer and a hole injection layer including a p-type dopant with low absorption rate for a blue wavelength band so that they can have excellent light extraction efficiency or luminous efficiency.

A light-emitting device includes an electron transport region including a first electron transport layer and a second electron transport layer. The first electron transport layer includes a first compound, the second electron transport layer includes a second compound, the first compound includes a pyrimidine group, the second compound includes a triazine group, and an absolute value of a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of the first compound (E.sub.LUMO_E1) is less than an absolute value of a LUMO energy of the second compound (E.sub.LUMO_E2). An electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.