Disclosed is a stacked organic light emitting device and a display apparatus including the stacked organic light emitting device. The stacked organic light emitting device includes an anode connected to an external power source, a cathode connected to the external power source, at least two light emitting sections aligned between the anode and the cathode, including a light emitting layer, and an internal electrode aligned between the light emitting sections. The internal electrode is a single-layered internal electrode which is made from one selected from the group consisting of a metal, alloys of the metal, and metal oxides thereof, having a work function below 4.5 eV, each light emitting section includes an organic material layer containing an organic material having an electron affinity above 4 eV, and the organic material layer is formed between the light emitting layer of the light emitting section and the electrode facing the anode connected to the external power source in two electrodes which make contact with the light emitting section.

Provided is a composition which is to be a raw material of a polarizing film having excellent light fastness. The composition includes a polymerizable liquid crystal compound and a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein E represents an electron attractive group having at least 3 carbon atoms or the following group:

##STR00002##

wherein R represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; Ar represents a group selected from the following groups:

##STR00003## and A represents a group selected from the following groups:

##STR00004##

wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, and l, m, n, p, and q are defined in the specification.

A charge transporting, liquid crystal photoalignment material comprising a charge transporting moiety connected through covalent chemical bonds to a surface derivatising moiety, and a photoalignment moiety connected through covalent chemical bonds to a surface derivatising moiety.

A material for organic electroluminescence element, including: a phosphorescent compound; and a discotic liquid-crystalline host compound, wherein the phosphorescent compound has an aspect ratio of molecule core diameter to molecule core thickness (molecule core diameter/molecule core thickness) of at least 3, and wherein a size ratio of the molecular radius of the phosphorescent compound to the molecular radius of the discotic liquid-crystalline host compound (molecular radius of the phosphorescent compound/molecular radius of the discotic liquid-crystalline host compound) is 0.8 to 1.2.

The present invention relates to a transistor and a method for manufacturing the same. The transistor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate, a drain electrode formed on the substrate, a source electrode formed on the substrate and spaced apart from the drain electrode, a channel layer formed on the substrate and including a channel region electrically connecting the drain electrode and the source electrode to each other, a gate electrode formed on the substrate and spaced apart from the channel region, and a liquid crystal layer formed on the substrate to connect the channel layer and the gate electrode to each other.

Compounds of the formula D-S.sup.1-A-S.sup.2B.sup.1 wherein A comprises a 2,7-disubstituted 9,9-fluoroalkyl fluorene diradical of the formula

##STR00001## wherein S.sup.1, S.sup.2, D and B.sup.1 have meanings given in the description that are useful as charge transport and emissive materials for the fabrication of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic devices.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a polymerizable compound suitable as a material for optically anisotropic bodies having excellent optical properties, a composition containing the polymerizable compound, a polymer obtained by polymerizing the polymerizable compound, an optically anisotropic body formed of the polymer, and a liquid crystal display device including the optically anisotropic body.

An optically anisotropic film capable of effectively reducing a difference in hue between a front hue and an oblique hue during white display of an organic EL display device and which exhibits excellent image display properties, and a laminate including the optically anisotropic film are provided. The optically anisotropic film is a cured film of a polymerizable liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound and at least two dichroic dyes, in which the polymerizable liquid crystal compound and the at least two dichroic dyes are cured in a state of being molecularly oriented in a vertical direction with respect to a film plane, and satisfy specific relationships between absorbance of linearly polarized light that oscillates in an x-axis direction and absorbance of linearly polarized light that oscillates in the x-axis direction when the optically anisotropic film is rotated by 500 with the y-axis as a rotation axis.

A light emitting device is described. The light emitting device includes a single light emitting photonic crystal having an electroluminescent material disposed in the single light emitting photonic crystal. The single light emitting photonic crystal includes a series of layers of chiral liquid crystalline polymer. The electroluminescent material is localized in one of the layers of chiral liquid crystalline polymer. At least one of the series of layers of chiral liquid crystalline polymer includes a chiral liquid crystalline, charge carrier transporting polymer. The single light emitting photonic crystal further includes a second luminescent material, where energy emanating from the electroluminescent material stimulates the second luminescent material into light emission, and the light emitted by the light emitting device is a mixture of light emitted by the electroluminescent material and light emitted by the second luminescent material.

A display device includes a substrate, first thin film transistors and second thin film transistors. A gate line is formed integrally with a first gate electrode of the first thin film transistors. An isolation insulating layer is disposed over a first gate insulating layer of the first thin film transistors. A second active layer of the second thin film transistors is disposed on the isolation insulating layer. An overlap pattern is disposed on the isolation insulating layer to be connected to the gate line. The overlap pattern includes a first overlap pattern disposed on the isolation insulating layer and formed of substantially the same material as the second active layer. A second overlap pattern is disposed on the first overlap pattern.