A display device, an optical device including the display device, and an electronic device including the display device are disclosed. The display device, the optical device, and the electronic device may minimize or reduce current reduction (or minimize or reduce a degree or occurrence of current reduction) in a cathode contact area. The display device may include: a substrate; a first electrode on the substrate; a pixel defining layer on the first electrode; a light emitting stack on the first electrode and the pixel defining layer; a second electrode on the light emitting stack; and a cathode pad connected to the second electrode through a contact area defined by the pixel defining layer in a cathode contact area of the substrate, wherein the cathode pad may be continuous in the contact area without disconnection.

A device and a photovoltaic device, both of which include a 3D perovskite layer and an organic 2D perovskite layer operationally connected to the 3D perovskite layer and defining a heterojunction interface. The photovoltaic device further includes an electrode layer, a hole transport layer operationally connected to and sandwiched between the electrode layer and the organic 2D perovskite layer, a substrate layer, and a tin oxide layer operationally connected to and sandwiched between the substrate layer and the 3D perovskite layer. Also provided is a method of making the photovoltaic device.

A light-emitting display device is provided. In the light-emitting display device, an insulation stack is patterned to form an opening area in the insulation stack, and an overhang structure in the opening area. An auxiliary electrode is connected to a common electrode around the overhang structure, such that a voltage of the common electrode may be uniformed for each region, and a voltage drop may be prevented. And, an exposed sidewall of the insulation stack surrounding the opening area is covered with the protective electrode, such that exposure of the insulation stack may be prevented at the inside and the sidewall of the opening area and residue of the pixel electrode material may be prevented. In addition, an exposure of a non-uniform interface of the insulating stack is prevented during a process of forming the organic functional layer and the common electrode, so that the organic functional layer and the common electrode may be stably deposited and the coverage characteristics of the encapsulation layer after forming the light-emitting device may be improved.

A thin film photovoltaic device is configured for receiving and converting a target wavelength range of light to electricity: The photovoltaic device includes a substrate, a bottom electrode disposed over the substrate, a lower carrier transport layer disposed over the bottom electrode, a perovskite absorber layer disposed over the lower carrier transport layer, an upper carrier transport layer disposed over the perovskite absorber layer, and a top electrode disposed over the upper carrier transport layer. The perovskite absorber layer has a physical thickness of 900 nm or less and is characterized by a bandgap energy (BE). At least one of the top and bottom 2024/039846 electrodes includes a transparent conducting layer which is transparent to the target wavelength range of light. The perovskite absorber layer has an optical path length that is greater than or equal to 8 times the physical thickness of the perovskite absorber layer for incident radiation that is i) within the target wavelength range, and ii) within an incident energy range of BE to (BE+0.52 eV).

Solar cell modules and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, a pair of tandem solar cells are bonded together along a contact ledge of a first tandem solar cell using a solid electrically conductive bonding material.

Disclosed herein are charge or electricity generating devices and methods of making and use thereof.

A light-emitting element includes a first electrode, a functional layer disposed on the first electrode, a second electrode on the functional layer, and a capping layer on the second electrode. The second electrode includes a first layer on the functional layer, a second layer disposed on the first layer and including a different material from that of the first layer, and a third layer disposed on the second layer and including a different material from that of the second layer. The second layer includes sub-layers each including silver (Ag). The sub-layers include a first sub-layer on the first layer, a second sub-layer on the first sub-layer, and a third sub-layer on the second sub-layer. A film density of the first sub-layer and a film density of the second sub-layer are different, and the film density of the second sub-layer and a film density of the third sub-layer are different.