A magnetoresistive stack includes a fixed magnetic region, one or more dielectric layers disposed on and in contact with the fixed magnetic region, and a free magnetic region disposed above the one or mom dielectric layers. The fixed magnetic region may include a first ferromagnetic region, a coupling layer, a second ferromagnetic region, a transition layer disposed, a reference layer, and at least one interfacial layer disposed above the second ferromagnetic region. Another interfacial layer may be disposed between the one or more dielectric layers and the free magnetic region.

A power generation element includes a magnetostrictive plate, a coil enclosing at least a part of the magnetostrictive plate, a magnetic field generation portion that generates a magnetic field, a yoke including a ferromagnetic body, and a non-magnetic body. The magnetostrictive plate contains a magnetostrictive material and has one fixed end. The power generation element generates power when force is applied to the magnetostrictive plate. The yoke spans from one towards another partial area of the magnetostrictive plate. The one partial area of the magnetostrictive plate, the non-magnetic body, and one end of the yoke at the one partial area of the magnetostrictive plate are disposed in this order. Another end of the yoke faces the other partial area through a gap. The one partial area is on one surface of the magnetostrictive plate and the magnetic field generation portion is provided on another surface of the magnetostrictive plate.

A power generation element includes a magnetostrictive plate, a coil enclosing at least a part of the magnetostrictive plate, a magnetic field generation portion that generates a magnetic field, a yoke including a ferromagnetic body, and a non-magnetic body. The magnetostrictive plate contains a magnetostrictive material and has one fixed end. The power generation element generates power when force is applied to the magnetostrictive plate. The yoke spans from one towards another partial area of the magnetostrictive plate. The one partial area of the magnetostrictive plate, the non-magnetic body, and one end of the yoke at the one partial area of the magnetostrictive plate are disposed in this order. Another end of the yoke faces the other partial area through a gap. The one partial area is on one surface of the magnetostrictive plate and the magnetic field generation portion is provided on another surface of the magnetostrictive plate.

An active cooling system and method for using the active cooling system are described. The active cooling system includes a cooling element having a first side and a second side. The first side of the cooling element is distal to a heat-generating structure and in communication with a fluid. The second side of the cooling element is proximal to the heat-generating structure. The cooling element is configured to direct the fluid using a vibrational motion from the first side of the cooling element to the second side such that the fluid moves in a direction that is incident on a surface of the heat-generating structure at a substantially perpendicular angle and then is deflected to move along the surface of the heat-generating structure to extract heat from the heat-generating structure.

An active cooling system and method for using the active cooling system are described. The active cooling system includes a cooling element having a first side and a second side. The first side of the cooling element is distal to a heat-generating structure and in communication with a fluid. The second side of the cooling element is proximal to the heat-generating structure. The cooling element is configured to direct the fluid using a vibrational motion from the first side of the cooling element to the second side such that the fluid moves in a direction that is incident on a surface of the heat-generating structure at a substantially perpendicular angle and then is deflected to move along the surface of the heat-generating structure to extract heat from the heat-generating structure.

The invention relates generally to electroactive material actuators (and combined sensor-actuators) having embedded magnetic particles (42) for facilitating enhanced actuation and/or sensing effects.

To make use of displacement of a magnetic elastic body caused by a magnetic field for a display portion of an electronic device or the like.

A magnetic deformable member includes a magnetic portion formed of a magnetic elastic body, and a base portion formed of a non-magnetic elastic body to cover at least a side surface of the magnetic portion. At least the magnetic portion has a magnetic deformable portion in which shape deformation is caused by application of a magnetic field. The magnetic deformable portion is provided at a boundary-side end portion on the boundary with the base portion. A display portion in which the shape deformation is displayed is provided on a front surface s1 of the magnetic deformable member. With the magnetic deformable member, a tactile feel or viewability of the display portion can be varied by deforming the boundary between the magnetic portion and the base portion.

A magnetostrictive film includes rich regions having a mesh pattern in a cross section perpendicular to a film thickness direction of the magnetostrictive film. The rich regions are richer in a specific element contributing to ferromagnetism than surroundings of the rich regions.

A magnetostrictive film includes rich regions having a mesh pattern in a cross section perpendicular to a film thickness direction of the magnetostrictive film. The rich regions are richer in a specific element contributing to ferromagnetism than surroundings of the rich regions.

A magnetostrictive material includes a FeGaC alloy that is represented by Expression (1),

F.sub.(100-x-y)Ga.sub.xC.sub.y(1) (in Expression (1), x and y are respectively a content rate (at. %) of Ga and a content rate (at. %) of C, and satisfy that y0.5x7.75, yx+20, and y0.5).