A system for determining an operational state of an atmospheric pressure plasma. The system has a transformer for coupling power into the atmospheric pressure plasma, a current sampling circuit configured to sample at least one current pulse flowing through a primary winding of the transformer, and a programmed microprocessor configured to determine, from a waveform of the current pulse, the operational state of the atmospheric pressure plasma. The operational state is one of: a no plasma state, a plasma origination state indicative of an ignited arc expanding into a plasma by gas flow thereinto, and a plasma maintenance state indicative of the plasma being expanded.

A system for determining an operational state of an atmospheric pressure plasma. The system has a transformer for coupling power into the atmospheric pressure plasma, a current sampling circuit configured to sample at least one current pulse flowing through a primary winding of the transformer, and a programmed microprocessor configured to determine, from a waveform of the current pulse, the operational state of the atmospheric pressure plasma. The operational state is one of: a no plasma state, a plasma origination state indicative of an ignited arc expanding into a plasma by gas flow thereinto, and a plasma maintenance state indicative of the plasma being expanded.

A circuit for powering an LED lighting array, the circuit comprising: a transformer for receiving AC line current and stepping down the voltage; one of a rectifier bridge or tapped secondary windings of the transformer paired with steering diodes, for providing a varying DC current; an inductor for receiving the varying DC current so as to smooth out the varying DC current with respect to both voltage and current; and a electrical connection for directing the smoothed-out DC current to the LED lighting array to power the LEDs.

A circuit for powering an LED lighting array, the circuit comprising: a transformer for receiving AC line current and stepping down the voltage; one of a rectifier bridge or tapped secondary windings of the transformer paired with steering diodes, for providing a varying DC current; an inductor for receiving the varying DC current so as to smooth out the varying DC current with respect to both voltage and current; and a electrical connection for directing the smoothed-out DC current to the LED lighting array to power the LEDs.

Method and device for adapting a series constant power system to operate constant voltage lighting.

Method and device for adapting a series constant power system to operate constant voltage lighting.

The present invention provides a bulb (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 140) an excitation chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 230) a ferrite core (300, 310, 310), a spool (400, 410); an assembly or subassembly of such components, and a lamp (100, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1600, 1600, 1700, 1800) for producing electromagnetic radiation, such as in the light spectrum, UV or IR.

The present invention provides a bulb (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 140) an excitation chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 230) a ferrite core (300, 310, 310), a spool (400, 410); an assembly or subassembly of such components, and a lamp (100, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1600, 1600, 1700, 1800) for producing electromagnetic radiation, such as in the light spectrum, UV or IR.

The present invention discloses an inductively coupled coil and an inductively coupled plasma device using the same. The inductively coupled coil comprises an internal coil and an exterior coil which are respective from each other and coaxially arranged, internal coil comprising a plurality of internal respective branches having the same configurations which are nested together, the plurality of internal respective branches being arranged symmetrically with respect to an axis of the inductively coupled coil; the external coil comprising a plurality of external respective branches having the same configurations which are nested together, the plurality of external respective branches being arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis of the inductively coupled coil. The inductively coupled coil is located on the reaction chamber of the inductively coupled plasma device and is connected to a RF source. It can make the plasma distribute uniformly on the wafer in the reaction chamber so that the difference in chemical reaction rate on the surface of the wafer is small and the quality of the etched wafer is improved. They can be applied in a semiconductor wafer manufacturing apparatus, and they can also be adapted to other apparatuses.

A resonant transformer with adjustable leakage inductance includes a secondary winding group, a primary winding group, a magnetic sheet and a core group. The primary winding group is provided on a bobbin of the secondary winding group, and the magnetic sheet is provided in the bobbin. The secondary winding group, the primary winding group and the magnetic sheet include a first through hole, a second through hole and a through hole, respectively. The core group includes a first core and a second core symmetrically disposed, which are disposed on top of and at the bottom of the primary winding group, respectively. During operation of the resonant transformer, the degree of coupling between the primary and secondary sides can be changed using the magnetic sheet. This allows the native leakage inductance to be altered to satisfy demands for various different resonant frequencies.