A composition of matter having the following chemical structure: $\left[H_x{O}_{\frac{\left(x-1\right)}{2}}\right]Z_y$ wherein x is and odd integer ≥3; y is an integer between 1 and 20; and Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between −1 and −3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between −1 and −3.

A composition of matter having the following chemical structure: $\left[H_x{O}_{\frac{\left(x-1\right)}{2}}\right]Z_y$ wherein x is and odd integer ≥3; y is an integer between 1 and 20; and Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between −1 and −3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between −1 and −3.

Disclosed is an electrolytic capacitor which has a long life and which is provided with an electrolyte which is difficult to steam and disperse in butyl rubber used as a sealing member, and which suppresses evaporation volatilization of the electrolyte. An electrolytic capacitor is provided with a capacitor element having an anode foil, a cathode foil and a separator, an electrolytic solution containing a solvent and a solute, a case containing the capacitor element, and butyl rubber sealing the case, wherein the distance between the Hansen solubility parameter of the solvent and the Hansen solubility parameter of the butyl rubber is not less than 26.5, and the boiling point of the solvent is not less than 160 degrees celsius.

A bipolar capacitor-assisted solid-state battery is disclosed that includes a plurality of electrochemical battery unit cells, each of which includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a lithium ion-conductive electrolyte-containing separator disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The lithium ion-conductive electrolyte-containing separator of each electrochemical battery unit cell comprises a solid-state electrolyte material, and, additionally, at least one negative electrode of the electrochemical battery unit cells or at least one positive electrode of the electrochemical battery unit cells includes a capacitor material. The bipolar capacitor-assisted solid-state battery further includes a bipolar current collector disposed between a negative electrode of one electrochemical battery unit cell and a positive electrode of an adjacent electrochemical battery unit cell. A method for manufacturing the disclosed bipolar capacitor-assisted solid-state battery is also disclosed.

An electronic control device includes: a circuit board including a substrate and an electrolytic capacitor connected to the substrate; a heat sink including a recess that houses the electrolytic capacitor; and heat dissipation material provided in the recess. The electrolytic capacitor has an end surface facing a bottom surface of the recess, and the heat dissipation material is in contact with the end surface and the bottom surface.

An electronic control device includes: a circuit board including a substrate and an electrolytic capacitor connected to the substrate; a heat sink including a recess that houses the electrolytic capacitor; and heat dissipation material provided in the recess. The electrolytic capacitor has an end surface facing a bottom surface of the recess, and the heat dissipation material is in contact with the end surface and the bottom surface.

An improved capacitor is provided. The capacitor comprises a working element wherein the working element comprises an anode comprising a first dielectric on the anode, a cathode and a conductive separator between the first dielectric and cathode. The conductive separator comprises a separator and a first conductive polymer wherein the first conductive polymer at least partially encapsulates the separator. A second conductive polymer at least partially encapsulates the first conductive polymer and wherein the first conductive polymer has a higher conductivity than the second conductive polymer. An anode lead is in electrical contact with the anode and a cathode lead is in electrical contact with the cathode.

A method for heating an energy storage device having a core with an electrolyte, the method including: providing the energy storage device having inputs and characteristics of a capacitance across the electrolyte and the core and internal surface capacitance between the inputs which can store electric field energy between internal electrodes of the energy storage device that are coupled to the inputs; switching between a positive input voltage and a negative input voltage provided to one of the inputs at a frequency sufficient to effectively short the internal surface capacitance of the energy storage device to generate heat and raise a temperature of the electrolyte; and discontinuing the switching when the temperature of the electrolyte is above a predetermined temperature that is considered sufficient to increase a charging efficiency of the energy storage device.

A method for heating an energy storage device having a core with an electrolyte, the method including: providing the energy storage device having inputs and characteristics of a capacitance across the electrolyte and the core and internal surface capacitance between the inputs which can store electric field energy between internal electrodes of the energy storage device that are coupled to the inputs; switching between a positive input voltage and a negative input voltage provided to one of the inputs at a frequency sufficient to effectively short the internal surface capacitance of the energy storage device to generate heat and raise a temperature of the electrolyte; and discontinuing the switching when the temperature of the electrolyte is above a predetermined temperature that is considered sufficient to increase a charging efficiency of the energy storage device.

Provided is an electrolytic capacitor that can reliably exhibit redox capacity due to a conductive polymer layer of a cathode. The electrolytic capacitor includes: a cathode having a conductive substrate and a conductive polymer layer placed on the surface of the conductive substrate; an anode having a substrate composed of a valve metal and a dielectric layer composed of an oxide of the valve metal that is placed on the surface of the substrate, the anode being disposed such that the dielectric layer and the conductive polymer layer of the cathode are opposed to each other across a space; and an ion conductive electrolyte with which the space is filled, the conductive polymer layer of the cathode that is in contact with the ion conductive electrolyte exhibiting a redox capacity due to application of a voltage between the anode and the cathode, wherein the contact resistance between the conductive substrate and the conductive polymer layer in the cathode is 1 Ωcm.sup.2 or less.