An electrolyte solution containing at least one selected from a compound represented by the following formula (1-1) (wherein Rf.sup.111s are the same as or different from each other and are each a C2-C4 fluorinated alkenyl group), a compound represented by the following formula (1-2) (wherein R.sup.121 is a C1-C4 alkyl group; and Rf.sup.121 is a C2-C4 fluorinated alkenyl group), and a compound represented by the following formula (1-3) (wherein Rf.sup.131 is a C1-C3 fluorinated alkyl group; and R.sup.131 is a C6-C12 aryl group): ##STR00001##

An electrolyte solution containing at least one selected from a compound represented by the following formula (1-1) (wherein Rf.sup.111s are the same as or different from each other and are each a C2-C4 fluorinated alkenyl group), a compound represented by the following formula (1-2) (wherein R.sup.121 is a C1-C4 alkyl group; and Rf.sup.121 is a C2-C4 fluorinated alkenyl group), and a compound represented by the following formula (1-3) (wherein Rf.sup.131 is a C1-C3 fluorinated alkyl group; and R.sup.131 is a C6-C12 aryl group): ##STR00001##

A capacitor includes a first metal layer disposed on a wafer or substrate, a first polarized dielectric layer above the first metal layer and comprising a plurality of electrets formed by aligning molecular dipoles throughout a three-dimensional surface area of a polarizable dielectric material during polarization by applying a momentary electric field of positive or negative polarity, a second metal layer disposed on the first polarized dielectric layer to electrically isolate the first polarized dielectric layer, and a second polarized dielectric layer above the second metal layer, the second polarized dielectric layer comprising a plurality of electrets formed by aligning molecular dipoles throughout a three-dimensional surface area of a polarizable dielectric material during polarization by applying a second momentary electric field of opposing polarity. A plurality of alternating polarized dielectric layers and metal layers may be arranged in series to form a stack, with an internal passivation layer disposed between each stack.

A capacitor includes a first metal layer disposed on a wafer or substrate, a first polarized dielectric layer above the first metal layer and comprising a plurality of electrets formed by aligning molecular dipoles throughout a three-dimensional surface area of a polarizable dielectric material during polarization by applying a momentary electric field of positive or negative polarity, a second metal layer disposed on the first polarized dielectric layer to electrically isolate the first polarized dielectric layer, and a second polarized dielectric layer above the second metal layer, the second polarized dielectric layer comprising a plurality of electrets formed by aligning molecular dipoles throughout a three-dimensional surface area of a polarizable dielectric material during polarization by applying a second momentary electric field of opposing polarity. A plurality of alternating polarized dielectric layers and metal layers may be arranged in series to form a stack, with an internal passivation layer disposed between each stack.

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including an electrode body having a positive electrode and a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a battery case is provided. The battery case includes a case body having an opening and configured to house the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte, and a lid configured to close the opening. The lid includes a plate-shaped lid body, a valve portion configured to open when the internal pressure of the battery case is higher than a valve opening pressure determined in advance, and a degassing portion configured to set to be an opening pressure higher than the valve opening pressure of the valve portion.

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including an electrode body having a positive electrode and a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a battery case is provided. The battery case includes a case body having an opening and configured to house the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte, and a lid configured to close the opening. The lid includes a plate-shaped lid body, a valve portion configured to open when the internal pressure of the battery case is higher than a valve opening pressure determined in advance, and a degassing portion configured to set to be an opening pressure higher than the valve opening pressure of the valve portion.

Disclosed herein is a method for fabricating an ultracapacitor, the method comprising disposing an energy storage cell comprising energy storage media within a housing; and constructing the ultracapacitor to operate within a temperature range between about 80 degrees Celsius to about 210 degrees Celsius.

Disclosed herein is a method for fabricating an ultracapacitor, the method comprising disposing an energy storage cell comprising energy storage media within a housing; and constructing the ultracapacitor to operate within a temperature range between about 80 degrees Celsius to about 210 degrees Celsius.

The present disclosure is directed to a phosphorus-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the phosphorus-modified ionic liquid compound.

The present disclosure is directed to a phosphorus-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the phosphorus-modified ionic liquid compound.