A method for measuring energy harvested from at least one energy source for use in an access control system, comprising providing an access control device adapted to be at least partially powered by energy harvested from at least one energy source; providing at least one sensor receiving energy from the at least one energy source; providing an energy harvesting manager coupled to the at least one sensor, wherein the energy harvesting manager manages the amount of energy received by the at least one sensor; providing a capacitive storage device coupled to the energy harvesting manager, the capacitive storage device for storing energy harvested from the at least one sensor; charging the capacitive storage device to a voltage high threshold, V-HTH; applying a reference load to the capacitive storage device until the capacitive storage device discharges to a predetermined voltage value, Vo/e, the reference load having a predetermined resistance value; determining a time constant, the time constant defined as the length of time required for the capacitive storage device to discharge to the predetermined voltage value, Vo/e; and determining an exact or near exact capacitance of the capacitive storage device by comparing the time constant to the reference load predetermined value, by the expression: C=RC/RL, where C=capacitance (in farads), RC=time constant (in seconds), and RL=reference load resistance (in ohms).

A method (200) for fabricating patterns on the surface of a layer of a device (100), the method comprising: providing at least one layer (130, 230); adding at least one alkali metal (235); controlling the temperature (2300) of the at least one layer, thereby forming a plurality of self-assembled, regularly spaced, parallel lines of alkali compound embossings (1300, 1305) at the surface of the layer. The method further comprises forming cavities (236, 1300) by dissolving the alkali compound embossings. The method (200) is advantageous for nanopatterning of devices (100) without using templates and for the production of high efficiency optoelectronic thin-film devices (100).

A unit pixel element that acts as an image sensor or a solar cell according to the present invention comprises a photo detector that drives a photocurrent flow, induced by light incident onto the gate, along the channel between the source and the drain; a first switch that is wired and switched on or switched off between the source terminal of the photo detector and the first solar cell bus; and a second switch that is wired and switched on or switched off between the gate terminal of the photo detector and the second solar cell bus, and features a function of light energy harvesting and high-efficiency photoelectric conversion that generates and supplies effective electric power.

A unit pixel element that acts as an image sensor or a solar cell according to the present invention comprises a photo detector that drives a photocurrent flow, induced by light incident onto the gate, along the channel between the source and the drain; a first switch that is wired and switched on or switched off between the source terminal of the photo detector and the first solar cell bus; and a second switch that is wired and switched on or switched off between the gate terminal of the photo detector and the second solar cell bus, and features a function of light energy harvesting and high-efficiency photoelectric conversion that generates and supplies effective electric power.

A spliced display including a transparent substrate, a plurality of micro (light-emitting diodes) LEDs, and a plurality of light sensors is provided. The transparent substrate has a display surface and a back surface opposite to each other. The driving backplanes are disposed on the back surface of the transparent substrate to be spliced with each other. The micro LEDs are disposed on the driving backplanes respectively and located between the micro LEDs and the transparent substrate. Each of the driving backplanes is corresponding to parts of the micro LEDs. The light sensors are disposed on the transparent substrate and located between the driving backplanes and the transparent substrate. Each of the light sensors is adjacent to at least two of the micro LEDs, and at least one of the at least two of the micro LEDs is adjacent to two of the light sensor.

A spliced display including a transparent substrate, a plurality of micro (light-emitting diodes) LEDs, and a plurality of light sensors is provided. The transparent substrate has a display surface and a back surface opposite to each other. The driving backplanes are disposed on the back surface of the transparent substrate to be spliced with each other. The micro LEDs are disposed on the driving backplanes respectively and located between the micro LEDs and the transparent substrate. Each of the driving backplanes is corresponding to parts of the micro LEDs. The light sensors are disposed on the transparent substrate and located between the driving backplanes and the transparent substrate. Each of the light sensors is adjacent to at least two of the micro LEDs, and at least one of the at least two of the micro LEDs is adjacent to two of the light sensor.

A solar cell module includes a plurality of cell strings having a plurality of solar cells, each solar cell having a semiconductor substrate, and a first conductivity-type electrode and a second conductivity-type electrode provided on a first surface of the semiconductor substrate, an interconnector electrically connecting a first conductivity-type electrode of a first solar cell, among the plurality of solar cells included in the plurality of cell strings, and a second conductivity-type electrode of a second solar cell adjacent to the first solar cell in a first direction, to connect the first and second solar cells in series, and a first shield positioned on a front surface of the interconnector between the first and second solar cells, and extending in a second direction crossing the first direction.

A solar cell module includes a plurality of cell strings having a plurality of solar cells, each solar cell having a semiconductor substrate, and a first conductivity-type electrode and a second conductivity-type electrode provided on a first surface of the semiconductor substrate, an interconnector electrically connecting a first conductivity-type electrode of a first solar cell, among the plurality of solar cells included in the plurality of cell strings, and a second conductivity-type electrode of a second solar cell adjacent to the first solar cell in a first direction, to connect the first and second solar cells in series, and a first shield positioned on a front surface of the interconnector between the first and second solar cells, and extending in a second direction crossing the first direction.

The present application provides display substrate having a display area and a peripheral area. The display substrate includes a base substrate; a plurality of light emitting elements on the base substrate and in the display area; an encapsulating layer on a side of the plurality of light emitting elements distal to the base substrate to encapsulate the plurality of light emitting elements; and a first barrier layer on the base substrate and in the peripheral area and forming a first enclosure substantially surrounding a first area. The first barrier layer includes an up-conversion material configured to convert an incident light into an ultraviolet light. The encapsulating layer includes a first organic encapsulating sub-layer on the base substrate.

The present application provides display substrate having a display area and a peripheral area. The display substrate includes a base substrate; a plurality of light emitting elements on the base substrate and in the display area; an encapsulating layer on a side of the plurality of light emitting elements distal to the base substrate to encapsulate the plurality of light emitting elements; and a first barrier layer on the base substrate and in the peripheral area and forming a first enclosure substantially surrounding a first area. The first barrier layer includes an up-conversion material configured to convert an incident light into an ultraviolet light. The encapsulating layer includes a first organic encapsulating sub-layer on the base substrate.