A lithium-ion battery may include a cathode, an anode, and a polymer electrolyte. The anode may include a current collector. The current collector may include a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying a metal layer. The anode may also include a patterned lithium storage structure. The patterned lithium storage structure may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying at least a portion of the first pattern of metal oxide. These and other lithium-ion batteries are described.

An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having a metal layer; and a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer. The anode further includes a patterned lithium storage structure having a continuous porous lithium storage layer selectively overlaying at least a portion of the first pattern of metal oxide. A method of making an anode for use in an energy storage device includes providing a current collector having a metal layer and a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is selectively formed by chemical vapor deposition by exposing the current collector to at least one lithium storage material precursor gas.

An electrode for a secondary battery includes a substrate and an active material layer. The active material layer is placed on a surface of the substrate. In a surface of the active material layer, one or more grooves are formed. The groove extends linearly in a direction perpendicular to a thickness direction of the active material layer. The groove has an open portion on a periphery of the active material layer. The open portion opens in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction. The groove includes a first region and a second region. The second region is interposed between the open portion and the first region. In a cross section perpendicular to a direction in which the groove extends, the first region has a first cross-sectional area, and the second region has a second cross-sectional area. The second cross-sectional area is smaller than the first cross-sectional area.

Various embodiments provide a battery, a bulk energy storage system including the battery, and/or a method of operating the bulk energy storage system including the battery. In various embodiment, the battery may include a first electrode, an electrolyte, and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises direct reduced iron (“DRI”). In various embodiments, the DRI may be in the form of pellets. In various embodiments, the pellets may comprise at least about 60 wt % iron by elemental mass, based on the total mass of the pellets. In various embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises from about 60% to about 90% iron and from about 1% to about 40% of a component comprising one or more of the materials selected from the group of SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, MgO, CaO, and TiO.sub.2.

The invention relates to a method for producing a substrate coated with a paste or dry coating, the method comprising: providing a film; providing a paste/dry coating; coating the film with the paste in order to obtain a coated substrate; and drying the paste or solidifying the dry coating on the substrate, the substrate being transported in a transport direction between its provision and the drying and/or solidification process, and the particles in the force field being oriented perpendicular to the transport direction. In order to improve the transport process, the substrate is shaped before and/or during the drying/solidification process in order to counteract tensioning of the substrate caused by shrinkage of the coating.

The present invention relates to a flow battery system. The system comprises a first and second electrode comprising a lattice structure and at least one electrolyte supply configured to provide flow electrolyte through at least one of the first and second electrodes. A power circuit is operatively connected to the first and second electrodes to provide electrical power from the system.

An alkaline electrochemical cell has a central cathode having a corresponding cathode current collector electrically connected with a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell. The cathode current collector has a tubular shape, such as a cylindrical shape or rectangular shape, extending parallel with the length of the central cathode. The cathode current collector is embedded within the central cathode, such as at a medial point of a radius of the central cathode, thereby minimizing the distance between the cathode current collector and any portion of the central cathode, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the cathode and facilitating charge transfer to the cathode current collector.

A negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same are provided herein. The negative electrode includes a current collector and a negative active material layer on the current collector, the negative active material layer including a negative active material and a conductive material, wherein the negative active material is at an angle to the current collector, the negative active material includes a silicon-based active material, the conductive material includes carbon nanotubes, and the negative electrode has an orientation ratio represented by Equation 1 of about 50 to about 100, where Equation 1 provides the following: Orientation ratio=I(110)/I(002). In Equation 1, I(110) is a peak intensity at a (110) plane for an x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) measured by using a CuKα ray, and I(002) is a peak intensity at a (002) plane for the XRD measured by using the CuKα ray).

A battery cell includes an electrode assembly. A shape of a radial cross section of the electrode assembly is an ellipse. A length of a major axis noted as L1 and a length of a minor axis noted as L2 of the electrode assembly satisfy a relational expression: 0.3 mm≤L1−L2≤0.5 mm.

The present invention relates to an electrode structure, a method of manufacturing the same, and a secondary battery including the same, and the electrode structure may include a negative electrode part; a positive current collector which is formed of a fabric material and surrounds an outer surface of the negative electrode part; and a positive electrode coupled to an edge of the positive current collector.