Provided is a highly reliable button-shaped alkaline battery having excellent load characteristics. A button-shaped alkaline battery includes: a positive electrode having a positive electrode mixture layer containing a silver oxide and a conductive assistant; a negative electrode containing zinc particles; an alkaline electrolyte solution; and a battery container for accommodating the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the alkaline electrolyte solution, the battery container including an outer can, a sealing plate, and a resin gasket. The positive electrode mixture layer contains carbon black and graphite particles as the conductive assistant, and an amount of water in the battery container is 0.63 to 1 g per 1 g of the zinc particles of the negative electrode.

Various embodiments are directed to an electrochemical cell having a non-homogeneous anode. The electrochemical cell includes a container, a cathode forming a hollow cylinder within the container, an anode positioned within the hollow cylinder of the cathode, and a separator between the cathode and the anode. The anode defines a characteristic gradient between an interior portion of the anode and the outermost surface of the anode adjacent the separator. The characteristic gradient may be defined as, for example, an average active material particle size within the anode that changes as a function of the radial location within the anode or a surfactant concentration gradient that changes as a function of the radial location within the anode.

The invention is directed towards a cathode. The cathode includes an electrochemically active cathode material and at least one cathode additive. The at least one cathode additive includes a head group and at least one hydrocarbon tail group. The head group includes at least one p-element atom that is bonded to a second p-element atom. The at least one p-element atom has an electronegativity and the second p-element atom has an electronegativity. The electronegativity of the at least one p-element atom is different from the electronegativity of the second p-element atom.

A coating composition is described. The coating composition has a plurality of particles of a solid, ionically conductive polymer material. The solid, ionically conductive polymer material has an ionic conductive greater than 1×10-4 S/cm at room temperature, and the solid, ionically conductive polymer material is in a glassy state at room temperature. The coating composition also has a plurality of particles of an electrically conductive material. The electrically conductive material has an electrical conductivity at room temperature greater that 1×102 S/cm. The coating composition additionally has a plurality of particles of a binder. The binder holds the particles of the composition to form a cohesive coating. Battery and battery components using the coating composition are also described.

A zinc-air battery cell assembly comprising: a layer of anode material; one or more layers of cathode material; a separator directly between and engaging both the layer of anode material and the layer of cathode material that acts as both an electronic insulator and an ion conductive path between the layer of anode material and the layer of cathode material; and a diffusion member directly engaging the layer of cathode material.

The present disclosure relates to a sodium-ion storage material and an electrode material for a sodium-ion battery, an electrode material for a seawater battery, an electrode for a sodium-ion battery, an electrode for a seawater battery, a sodium-ion battery, and a seawater battery, which include the sodium-ion storage material. Specifically, the sodium-ion storage material may include one or more materials selected from the group consisting of Cu.sub.xS, FeS, FeS.sub.2, Ni.sub.3S, NbS.sub.2, SbO.sub.x, SbS.sub.x, SnS and SnS.sub.2, wherein 0<x≤2. When the sodium-ion storage material according to the present disclosure is used, it may exhibit high discharge capacity, and when the sodium-ion storage material is applied to a sodium-ion battery which is a secondary battery, it may exhibit excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristics.

Alkaline electrochemical cells are provided, wherein a conductive carbon is included in the cell's cathode in order to decrease resistivity of the cathode, so as to improve the discharge of the cell, particularly in high drain applications. The conductive carbon may comprise carbon nanotubes and/or graphene. Methods for preparing such cells are also provided.

Crosslinked polymers and related compositions and related compositions, electrochemical cells, batteries, methods and systems are described. The crosslinked polymers have at least one redox active monomeric moiety having a redox potential of 0.5 V to 3.0 V with reference to Li/Li.sup.+ electrode potential under standard conditions or −2.54 V to −0.04 V vs. SHE and has a carbocyclic structure and at least one carbonyl group or a carboxyl group on the carbocyclic structure. The crosslinked polymers also include at least one comonomeric moiety with at least one of the at least one redox active monomeric moiety and/or the at least one comonomeric moiety has a denticity of three to six corresponding to a three to six connected network polymer, and provide stable, high capacity organic electrode materials.

An alkaline electrochemical cell has a central cathode having a corresponding cathode current collector electrically connected with a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell. The cathode current collector has a tubular shape, such as a cylindrical shape or rectangular shape, extending parallel with the length of the central cathode. The cathode current collector is embedded within the central cathode, such as at a medial point of a radius of the central cathode, thereby minimizing the distance between the cathode current collector and any portion of the central cathode, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the cathode and facilitating charge transfer to the cathode current collector.

A primary battery including a positive electrode containing iron oxyhydroxide, a negative electrode containing magnesium or aluminum, and an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.