A flow battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a first liquid including first redox species, a second liquid, and a lithium ion conductive membrane. At least one selected from the group consisting of the first liquid and the second liquid includes a supporting electrolyte including lithium. The total of the number of moles of lithium dissolved in the first liquid and the number of moles of lithium dissolved in the second liquid is larger than the number of moles of lithium present in the supporting electrolyte. 0.2≤(M1+M2−M3)/M4≤1.5 wherein M1 is the number of moles of lithium dissolved in the first liquid, M2 is the number of moles of lithium dissolved in the second liquid, M3 is the number of moles of lithium present in the supporting electrolyte, and M4 is the number of moles of the first redox species.

An improved or advanced electrically conductive selectively gas permeable anode flow field (SGPFF) design, allowing for efficient removal of CO.sub.2 perpendicular to the active area near the location where it is formed in the catalyst layer. The anode plate design includes two mating flow fields (an anode gaseous flow field, and an anode liquid flow field) separated by a semi-permeable separator. The separator comprises a hydrophobic semi-permeable separator for CO.sub.2 diffusive gas transport from the liquid side (with formic acid, water, and CO.sub.2) to the gaseous side (allowing for CO.sub.2 removal to the atmosphere).

An generator that uses on the heat of condensation of water vapor as an energy source to produce electrical power. A hygroscopic, membrane electrode assembly is configured having an ion conductive hygroscopic electrolyte sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. One electrode is in contact with the water and the other electrode being in contact with a water vapor source whereby an electrochemical potential differential is produced across an electrical load by the reaction potential of the hygroscopic electrolyte with water vapor relative to the electrolyte's reaction potential with the liquid water. Power is supplied to an external load connected between the electrodes with water vapor being electrolyzed at the electrode that is in contact with water vapor and liquid water being reduced at the electrode that is in contact with liquid water.

An generator that uses on the heat of condensation of water vapor as an energy source to produce electrical power. A hygroscopic, membrane electrode assembly is configured having an ion conductive hygroscopic electrolyte sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. One electrode is in contact with the water and the other electrode being in contact with a water vapor source whereby an electrochemical potential differential is produced across an electrical load by the reaction potential of the hygroscopic electrolyte with water vapor relative to the electrolyte's reaction potential with the liquid water. Power is supplied to an external load connected between the electrodes with water vapor being electrolyzed at the electrode that is in contact with water vapor and liquid water being reduced at the electrode that is in contact with liquid water.

Disclosed are devices, systems and methods for implantable a biofuel cells. In some aspects, a biofuel cell device for extracting energy from a biological fluid includes a substrate including two compartments each with one or more openings; an anode assembly disposed in the substrate and including an anode electrode and functionalization material to facilitate an oxidative process that releases electrons captured at the anode electrode; and a cathode assembly disposed in the substrate separated from the anode assembly and including a catalytic material facilitate a chemical reduction process such that the biofuel cell device extracts electrical energy from the substance in the biological fluid.

A redox flow battery includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, and a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a macro porous support scaffold between the positive terminal and the negative terminal.

A redox flow battery includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, and a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a macro porous support scaffold between the positive terminal and the negative terminal.

A fuel flow groove formed in a fuel electrode current collector of a fuel electrode of a fuel cell includes a plurality of flow groove portions disposed in parallel, and a plurality of return groove portions connecting an end portion of one side edge portion or an end portion of the other side edge portion of the flow groove portions of two adjacent groups. Each of the return groove portions has an inner wall surface portion facing the end portion of the flow groove portions in the return groove portions. The inner wall surface portion has a curved surface shape in which a distance facing each other from the inner wall surface portion to the end portion of the flow groove portions, gradually decreases toward both end portions of the inner side wall surface portion in a direction orthogonal to an extending direction of the flow groove portions.

A chemical cartridge or an oxygen generating breathing apparatus includes an outer canister and an inner canister with an interior space. At least one alkali hyperoxide or earth alkali hyperoxide that can act as an electrolyte in the presence of moisture and at least one first metallic material are provided in the interior space of the inner canister. At least one second metallic material is provided between the inner canister and the outer canister or is at least partially integrated into the outer canister wall. Between the inner canister including the first metallic material and the outer canister including the second metallic material an ion-permeable material is arranged such that the cartridge generates electrical power when in use by creating a potential between the first metallic material and the second metallic material when the at least one alkali hyperoxide or earth alkali hyperoxide is contacted by CO.sub.2 and moisture.

A chemical cartridge or an oxygen generating breathing apparatus includes an outer canister and an inner canister with an interior space. At least one alkali hyperoxide or earth alkali hyperoxide that can act as an electrolyte in the presence of moisture and at least one first metallic material are provided in the interior space of the inner canister. At least one second metallic material is provided between the inner canister and the outer canister or is at least partially integrated into the outer canister wall. Between the inner canister including the first metallic material and the outer canister including the second metallic material an ion-permeable material is arranged such that the cartridge generates electrical power when in use by creating a potential between the first metallic material and the second metallic material when the at least one alkali hyperoxide or earth alkali hyperoxide is contacted by CO.sub.2 and moisture.