The present disclosure relates generally to a carbon-neutral process for the generation of carbon-neutral hydrogen and carbon-neutral electricity. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to compositions, methods and apparatus employing a carbon-neutral process for generating electricity employing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) for supplying hydrogen for generating the carbon neutral electricity. The present disclosure also relates more specifically to carbon-neutral compositions consisting of liquid organic hydrogen carriers used for supplying hydrogen to generate electricity that may be regenerated in a carbon-neutral process using an apparatus with a net zero atmospheric emission of carbon oxides.

The present disclosure relates generally to a carbon-neutral process for the generation of carbon-neutral hydrogen and carbon-neutral electricity. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to compositions, methods and apparatus employing a carbon-neutral process for generating electricity employing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) for supplying hydrogen for generating the carbon neutral electricity. The present disclosure also relates more specifically to carbon-neutral compositions consisting of liquid organic hydrogen carriers used for supplying hydrogen to generate electricity that may be regenerated in a carbon-neutral process using an apparatus with a net zero atmospheric emission of carbon oxides.

A dimeric ionic liquid that enhances and improves the performance and durability of a fuel cell catalyst. The dimeric ionic liquid comprises 1,1-(butane-1, 4-diyl)bis(9-methyl-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) employing the dimeric ionic liquid are also disclosed.

A dimeric ionic liquid that enhances and improves the performance and durability of a fuel cell catalyst. The dimeric ionic liquid comprises 1,1-(butane-1, 4-diyl)bis(9-methyl-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) employing the dimeric ionic liquid are also disclosed.

A redox flow battery cell includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is an assembly containing a plurality of carbon fibers, and a quantity per unit area of the positive electrode is larger than a quantity per unit area of the negative electrode.

Stabilized surfactant-based membranes and methods of manufacture thereof. Membranes comprising a stabilized surfactant mesostructure on a porous support may be used for various separations, including reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. The membranes are stabilized after evaporation of solvents; in some embodiments no removal of the surfactant is required. The surfactant solution may or may not comprise a hydrophilic compound such as an acid or base. The surface of the porous support is preferably modified prior to formation of the stabilized surfactant mesostructure. The membrane is sufficiently stable to be utilized in commercial separations devices such as spiral wound modules. Also a stabilized surfactant mesostructure coating for a porous material and filters made therefrom. The coating can simultaneously improve both the permeability and the filtration characteristics of the porous material.

A self-powered system and a method for power extraction and measurement of energy-generator units are disclosed. The system comprises an energy generator unit (10) providing an electrical current I.sub.FC and a voltage V.sub.FC; an instrumentation block (20) to measure the electrical current I.sub.FC; and a power management unit (30) connected to the energy generator unit (10) via a first input that collects the electrical current I.sub.FC, extracting an electrical power provided by the energy generator unit (10). The power management unit (30) also has a second input which is connected to a feedback element (40) connected to a voltage reference V.sub.REF, to the voltage V.sub.FC and to the instrumentation block (20). A variation of an equivalent input impedance of the power management unit (30) sets a given parameter of the energy generator unit (10) to a controlled given value and the instrumentation block (20) assists in the control of the parameter.

Provided is an apparatus containing, as a cathode catalyst, a metal oxide/carbon catalyst composition. The metal oxide/carbon catalyst composition includes 40 to 95 wt % porous Mn—Co spinel oxide nanoparticles of the formula Mn.sub.xCo.sub.3-xO.sub.4. The nanoparticles have an octahedral morphology, an average particle size of 5-100 nm, and average pore sizes of 1-5 nm (where x is the atomic fraction of manganese and 3-x is the atomic fraction of cobalt). The metal oxide nanoparticles are supported on a carbon substrate that contains at least 96 atomic % carbon.

An electrochemical device has an electrochemical cell provided with an electrolyte having proton conductivity, an anode provided on one side of the electrolyte, and a cathode provided on the other side of the electrolyte. The electrochemical device is configured so that a solution containing water, an artificial synthetic resin, and an acid is supplied to the anode. The electrochemical device is configured so that an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the cathode and connecting a load between the anode and the cathode. The electrochemical device is configured so that the inert gas is supplied to the cathode and connecting the voltage application unit between the anode and the cathode.

Disclosed is a method of operating an Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cell (AMFC) with direct ammonia feeding. The method may include providing AMFC comprising an anode inlet for receiving ammonia and a cathode inlet for receiving oxygen containing gas; operating the AMFC at an operation temperature of above 80° C.; providing the oxygen containing gas; to a cathode of the AMFC at a pressure above the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the operation temperature; maintaining the pressure during the operation of the AMFC as to maintain water in substantially liquid phase near the cathode; and providing the ammonia to an anode of the AMFC.