A solid electrolyte includes a matrix including, as a salt, containing a metal halide containing an alkaline-earth metal and a metal, and at least one filler located in the matrix.

A raw material of an electrolyte solution that is to be dissolved in a solvent to form an electrolyte solution, and the raw material of an electrolyte solution is a raw material of an electrolyte solution that is a solid or semisolid that contains Ti in an amount of 2 mass % to 83 mass % inclusive, Mn in an amount of 3 mass % to 86 mass % inclusive, and S in an amount of 6 mass % to 91 mass % inclusive.

A raw material of an electrolyte solution that is to be dissolved in a solvent to form an electrolyte solution, and the raw material of an electrolyte solution is a raw material of an electrolyte solution that is a solid or semisolid that contains Ti in an amount of 2 mass % to 83 mass % inclusive, Mn in an amount of 3 mass % to 86 mass % inclusive, and S in an amount of 6 mass % to 91 mass % inclusive.

A preparation method of a direct ethanol fuel cell includes synthesizing electrolytes, preparing a cathode and an anode, and clamping the electrolytes between the cathode and the anode to get direct ethanol fuel cell. The electrolytes are synthesized by polymerizing sodium acrylate with an initiator to get a hydrogel, and the hydrogel is soaked in a harsh alkaline solution. The cathode is synthesized by coating N,S codoped carbon catalyst onto a current collector, where the N,S codoped carbon catalyst is synthesized by mixing and preheating silica powder, sucrose and trithiocyanuric acid to get a mixed powder, and mixing and heating the mixed powder with poly tetra fluoroethylene so as to get the N,S codoped carbon catalyst. The anode is synthesized by coating Pt-Ru/C catalyst onto a current collector.

Provided are separator systems for electrochemical systems providing electronic, mechanical and chemical properties useful for a variety of applications including electrochemical storage and conversion. Embodiments provide structural, physical and electrostatic attributes useful for managing and controlling dendrite formation and for improving the cycle life and rate capability of electrochemical cells including silicon anode based batteries, air cathode based batteries, redox flow batteries, solid electrolyte based systems, fuel cells, flow batteries and semisolid batteries. Disclosed separators include multilayer, porous geometries supporting excellent ion transport properties, providing a barrier to prevent dendrite initiated mechanical failure, shorting or thermal runaway, or providing improved electrode conductivity and improved electric field uniformity. Disclosed separators include composite solid electrolytes with supporting mesh or fiber systems providing solid electrolyte hardness and safety with supporting mesh or fiber toughness and long life required for thin solid electrolytes without fabrication pinholes or operationally created cracks.

Provided are separator systems for electrochemical systems providing electronic, mechanical and chemical properties useful for a variety of applications including electrochemical storage and conversion. Embodiments provide structural, physical and electrostatic attributes useful for managing and controlling dendrite formation and for improving the cycle life and rate capability of electrochemical cells including silicon anode based batteries, air cathode based batteries, redox flow batteries, solid electrolyte based systems, fuel cells, flow batteries and semisolid batteries. Disclosed separators include multilayer, porous geometries supporting excellent ion transport properties, providing a barrier to prevent dendrite initiated mechanical failure, shorting or thermal runaway, or providing improved electrode conductivity and improved electric field uniformity. Disclosed separators include composite solid electrolytes with supporting mesh or fiber systems providing solid electrolyte hardness and safety with supporting mesh or fiber toughness and long life required for thin solid electrolytes without fabrication pinholes or operationally created cracks.

There is provided an LDH separator including a porous substrate and a hydroxide ion-conductive layered compound that is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) and/or a layered double hydroxide (LDH)-like compound, filling up pores of the porous substrate. The proportion of the hydroxide ion-conductive layered compound in the LDH separator is 25 to 85% by weight.

The invention relates to a fuel cell (110) comprising two gas diffusion layers (70), two electrode elements (10, 10′) and a membrane element (30). The membrane element (30) is arranged between the two gas diffusion layers (70), each electrode element (10, 10′) being embedded between a gas diffusion layer (70) and the membrane element (30). The membrane element (30) is in the form of an amorphous carbon layer.

A method for manufacturing a solid state ionic conductive membrane includes forming a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a support scaffold and treating the support scaffold to be macro porous.

A method for manufacturing a solid state ionic conductive membrane includes forming a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a support scaffold and treating the support scaffold to be macro porous.