A method of increasing secondary power source capacity includes doping a compound into an electrolyte as an additive which binding energy is higher than binding energy of combinations that are formed at a secondary power source discharge, the compound being ZnKr or CdAr. The method can be used in manufacturing secondary power sources such as batteries for electrical machines, transport vehicles, and cars, and for power sources for portable and mobile electronic devices.

A method of increasing secondary power source capacity includes doping a compound into an electrolyte as an additive which binding energy is higher than binding energy of combinations that are formed at a secondary power source discharge, the compound being ZnKr or CdAr. The method can be used in manufacturing secondary power sources such as batteries for electrical machines, transport vehicles, and cars, and for power sources for portable and mobile electronic devices.

A battery separator has performance enhancing additives or coatings, fillers with increased friability, increased ionic diffusion, decreased tortuosity, increased wettability, reduced oil content, reduced thickness, decreased electrical resistance, and/or increased porosity. The separator in a battery reduces the water loss, lowers acid stratification, lowers the voltage drop, and/or increases the CCA. The separators include or exhibit performance enhancing additives or coatings, increased porosity, increased void volume, amorphous silica, higher oil absorption silica, higher silanol group silica, reduced electrical resistance, a shish-kebab structure or morphology, a polyolefin microporous membrane containing particle-like filler in an amount of 40% or more by weight of the membrane and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having shish-kebab formations and the average repetition periodicity of the kebab formation from 1 nm to 150 nm, decreased sheet thickness, decreased tortuosity, separators especially well-suited for enhanced flooded batteries.

An electrolyte composition and a battery is provided. The electrolyte composition includes graphene. The electrolyte composition of the present invention is suitable for a battery and can improve the life cycle of the battery. The application process of the electrolyte composition of the present invention is simple and more cost-efficient as compared to conventional techniques which add carbon material(s) to a battery. The present invention is effective in improving battery performance.

An electrolyte composition and a battery is provided. The electrolyte composition includes graphene. The electrolyte composition of the present invention is suitable for a battery and can improve the life cycle of the battery. The application process of the electrolyte composition of the present invention is simple and more cost-efficient as compared to conventional techniques which add carbon material(s) to a battery. The present invention is effective in improving battery performance.

A bipolar battery (1) comprising a stack of multiple bipolar plates (9) sandwiched between two monopolar plates (6, 8) is disclosed. The bipolar plates (9) each comprise a conductive polymer core (22) and an integrally formed non-conductive polymer surround (4), a layer of cathode material (16) on a first side of the bipolar plate (9), and a layer of anode material (28) on a second, opposite side of the bipolar plate (9). The integrally formed non-conductive polymer surround (4) extends from the conductive polymer core (22) further on one side than the other, such that on one side a first recess (19) is defined for accommodating electrolyte material of the battery (1). The layers of anode material (28) and cathode material (16) are contained within a casing formed at least in part by the integrally formed non-conductive polymer surrounds (4) of all of the bipolar plates (9).

A bipolar battery (1) comprising a stack of multiple bipolar plates (9) sandwiched between two monopolar plates (6, 8) is disclosed. The bipolar plates (9) each comprise a conductive polymer core (22) and an integrally formed non-conductive polymer surround (4), a layer of cathode material (16) on a first side of the bipolar plate (9), and a layer of anode material (28) on a second, opposite side of the bipolar plate (9). The integrally formed non-conductive polymer surround (4) extends from the conductive polymer core (22) further on one side than the other, such that on one side a first recess (19) is defined for accommodating electrolyte material of the battery (1). The layers of anode material (28) and cathode material (16) are contained within a casing formed at least in part by the integrally formed non-conductive polymer surrounds (4) of all of the bipolar plates (9).

The invention provides sulfuric acid efficiency electrolytes including a surfactant, preferably an amphoteric or a non-ionic surfactant, and/or phosphoric acid, the sulfuric acid efficiency electrolyte preferably further including at least one of a chelating agent and a crystal growth regulator, and optionally, a filler. The invention further provides sulfuric acid electrolytes including a filler, at least one chelating agent, and at least one water-soluble sulfate salt, wherein the chelating agent comprises an alkali metallated chelating agent and the water-soluble sulfate salt comprises the corresponding cation to the cation present in the alkali metallated chelating agent. The invention further provides lead sulfuric acid batteries including a positive electrode, negative electrode, and the efficiency electrolyte of the invention disposed therebetween.

The invention provides sulfuric acid efficiency electrolytes including a surfactant, preferably an amphoteric or a non-ionic surfactant, and/or phosphoric acid, the sulfuric acid efficiency electrolyte preferably further including at least one of a chelating agent and a crystal growth regulator, and optionally, a filler. The invention further provides sulfuric acid electrolytes including a filler, at least one chelating agent, and at least one water-soluble sulfate salt, wherein the chelating agent comprises an alkali metallated chelating agent and the water-soluble sulfate salt comprises the corresponding cation to the cation present in the alkali metallated chelating agent. The invention further provides lead sulfuric acid batteries including a positive electrode, negative electrode, and the efficiency electrolyte of the invention disposed therebetween.

A lead-acid battery includes an electrode plate assembly, a battery case, a positive electrode strap, a negative electrode strap, a positive electrode post, a negative electrode post, a cover, and an electrolyte solution. A negative electrode bushing provided in the cover and the negative electrode post together constitute a negative electrode terminal. A maximum value of a gap between an outer circumferential surface of the negative electrode post and an inner circumferential surface of the negative electrode bushing in the negative electrode terminal is 0.5 mm or more and 2.5 mm or less. A rib is provided in a lower part of the negative electrode bushing, and a minimum value of a protrusion height of the rib is 1.5 mm or more and 4.0 mm or less. A distance between a surface of the electrolyte solution and a lowermost portion of the negative electrode bushing is 15 mm or less.