The invention relates to a metal accumulation inhibiting and performance enhancing isolated or synthesized supplement for use in or in association with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells, and a system for delivering the supplement including articles of plastic, articles containing plastic, articles similar to plastic, plastic containers, apparatus, porous electrodes, liquids and electrolytes, in particular, articles, apparatus, electrodes, insolating sheets, liquids and electrolytes associated with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells incorporating one or more supplements. An effective amount of the supplement typically exhibits foaming of an electrolyte, providing a visual indicator of activity in attenuating metal deposition on, and thereby reducing metal accumulation on, various surfaces in the rechargeable electrochemical storage cell.

The invention relates to a metal accumulation inhibiting and performance enhancing isolated or synthesized supplement for use in or in association with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells, and a system for delivering the supplement including articles of plastic, articles containing plastic, articles similar to plastic, plastic containers, apparatus, porous electrodes, liquids and electrolytes, in particular, articles, apparatus, electrodes, insolating sheets, liquids and electrolytes associated with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells incorporating one or more supplements. An effective amount of the supplement typically exhibits foaming of an electrolyte, providing a visual indicator of activity in attenuating metal deposition on, and thereby reducing metal accumulation on, various surfaces in the rechargeable electrochemical storage cell.

A lid (15) of a lead-acid battery (100) includes a projecting portion (20) projecting from a base portion (19). The projecting portion (20) includes a shaft portion (27) serving as a rotation shaft of a handle (23), and an opposing wall (28) intersecting an imaginary line passing through an axial center of the shaft portion (27). A grip portion (90) of the handle (23) is located on an outer periphery of a first projecting portion (21).

A lid (15) of a lead-acid battery (100) includes a projecting portion (20) projecting from a base portion (19). The projecting portion (20) includes a shaft portion (27) serving as a rotation shaft of a handle (23), and an opposing wall (28) intersecting an imaginary line passing through an axial center of the shaft portion (27). A grip portion (90) of the handle (23) is located on an outer periphery of a first projecting portion (21).

A lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolyte solution. The positive electrode plate includes a positive current collector and a positive electrode material. The negative electrode plate includes a negative current collector and a negative electrode material. The positive current collector contains a lead alloy containing Ca and Sn. The content of Ca in the positive current collector is 0.2% by mass or less, and the content of Sn is 0.5% by mass or more. The negative electrode material contains a first organic expander (excluding a lignin compound) containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a unit of a monocyclic aromatic compound and a unit of a bisphenol S compound.

A method for detecting arc faults when charging electric battery systems or lead acid batteries, which are electrically connected in series to form a string which is supplied via a DC voltage converter. A first value corresponding to an electric voltage applied to the string and a second value corresponding to an electric current flowing through the string are generated. As a first condition, it is checked whether the first value changes by more than a first limit value within a first time window. As the second condition, it is checked whether the second value changes by more than a second limit value within a second time window. An arc is detected if the first condition and the second condition are met within a third time window. Provided also is a method for manufacturing electric battery systems, in particular lead acid batteries, as well as to a cut-off device.

A method for detecting arc faults when charging electric battery systems or lead acid batteries, which are electrically connected in series to form a string which is supplied via a DC voltage converter. A first value corresponding to an electric voltage applied to the string and a second value corresponding to an electric current flowing through the string are generated. As a first condition, it is checked whether the first value changes by more than a first limit value within a first time window. As the second condition, it is checked whether the second value changes by more than a second limit value within a second time window. An arc is detected if the first condition and the second condition are met within a third time window. Provided also is a method for manufacturing electric battery systems, in particular lead acid batteries, as well as to a cut-off device.

[Problem] To provide a nonwoven fabric (pasting mat) that does not undergo bonding between the nonwoven fabrics (pasting mats) even under severe conditions (a pressure in winding and a high temperature and a high humidity in transportation, storage, and production).

[Means for Resolution] A pasting mat for lead acid batteries, containing a microglass fiber and a heat-fusible binder fiber, the pasting mat having a thickness under a pressure of 20 kPa of 0.1 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less, and having a bonding strength between the pasting mats after being left for 48 hours under a pressure of 5 to 10 kPa in an environment of a temperature of 70 to 90° C. and a humidity of 75% of less than 0.05 N.

[Problem] To provide a nonwoven fabric (pasting mat) that does not undergo bonding between the nonwoven fabrics (pasting mats) even under severe conditions (a pressure in winding and a high temperature and a high humidity in transportation, storage, and production).

[Means for Resolution] A pasting mat for lead acid batteries, containing a microglass fiber and a heat-fusible binder fiber, the pasting mat having a thickness under a pressure of 20 kPa of 0.1 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less, and having a bonding strength between the pasting mats after being left for 48 hours under a pressure of 5 to 10 kPa in an environment of a temperature of 70 to 90° C. and a humidity of 75% of less than 0.05 N.

Electrical storage devices (10,38) are provided with pasted negative electrodes (12) and pasted positive electrodes (15) with porous separators (18) between them, with current collectors (20,22) disposed between the separator (18) and the negative and positive pastes (13,16), respectively.