The present disclosure relates to a bipolar battery comprising one or more troughs formed therein and cooperating with one or more channels, the troughs adapted to guide flow of electrolyte to provide for faster and more uniform flow of the electrolyte. The disclosure relates to a bipolar battery assembly comprising: a) a plurality of electrode plates stacked together to form an electrode plate stack; b) one or more electrochemical cells, wherein each electrochemical cell is formed between a pair of electrode plates; c) one or more separators disposed within the one or more electrochemical cells; and d) one or more troughs formed in each of the one or more electrochemical cells and adapted to guide flow of electrolyte into the one or more electrochemical cells. The present disclosure further relates to a method for preparing a battery assembly. The method may utilize circulating one or more fluids through the battery assembly during preparation. Circulating fluids may be part of thermal control cycling.

Provided is a lead storage battery provided with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and non-woven fabric. The non-woven fabric includes fibers and a filler, and is disposed between the positive electrode and the separator. The separator is provided with a rib formed in a protruding shape from a base portion on the positive electrode side. The relation T/R, which is between the thickness T of the non-woven fabric and the height R from the base portion of the separator taken as a starting point to the top of the rib, is 0.10-11.

The invention relates to a metal accumulation inhibiting and performance enhancing isolated or synthesized supplement for use in or in association with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells, and a system for delivering the supplement including articles of plastic, articles containing plastic, articles similar to plastic, plastic containers, apparatus, porous electrodes, liquids and electrolytes, in particular, articles, apparatus, electrodes, insolating sheets, liquids and electrolytes associated with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells incorporating one or more supplements. An effective amount of the supplement typically exhibits foaming of an electrolyte, providing a visual indicator of activity in attenuating metal deposition on, and thereby reducing metal accumulation on, various surfaces in the rechargeable electrochemical storage cell.

The invention relates to a metal accumulation inhibiting and performance enhancing isolated or synthesized supplement for use in or in association with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells, and a system for delivering the supplement including articles of plastic, articles containing plastic, articles similar to plastic, plastic containers, apparatus, porous electrodes, liquids and electrolytes, in particular, articles, apparatus, electrodes, insolating sheets, liquids and electrolytes associated with rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells incorporating one or more supplements. An effective amount of the supplement typically exhibits foaming of an electrolyte, providing a visual indicator of activity in attenuating metal deposition on, and thereby reducing metal accumulation on, various surfaces in the rechargeable electrochemical storage cell.

A lead acid battery is disclosed comprising a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator; and an electrolyte comprising a metal sulfate; wherein lead sulfate crystals formed during cycling of the lead acid battery have an average diameter in one dimension of less than 1.1 microns, less than 1.0 microns, less than 0.95 microns, or less than 0.9 microns.

A lead acid battery is disclosed comprising a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator; and an electrolyte comprising a metal sulfate; wherein lead sulfate crystals formed during cycling of the lead acid battery have an average diameter in one dimension of less than 1.1 microns, less than 1.0 microns, less than 0.95 microns, or less than 0.9 microns.

Embodiments of the invention provide batteries, electrodes, and methods of making the same. According to one embodiment, a battery may include a positive plate having a grid pasted with a lead oxide material, a negative plate having a grid pasted with a lead based material, a separator separating the positive plate and the negative plate, and an electrolyte. A nonwoven glass mat may be in contact with a surface of either or both the positive plate or the negative plate to reinforce the plate. The nonwoven glass mat may include a plurality of first coarse fibers having fiber diameters between about 6 μm and 11 μm and a plurality of second coarse fibers having fiber diameters between about 10 μm and 20 μm.

Embodiments of the invention provide batteries, electrodes, and methods of making the same. According to one embodiment, a battery may include a positive plate having a grid pasted with a lead oxide material, a negative plate having a grid pasted with a lead based material, a separator separating the positive plate and the negative plate, and an electrolyte. A nonwoven glass mat may be in contact with a surface of either or both the positive plate or the negative plate to reinforce the plate. The nonwoven glass mat may include a plurality of first coarse fibers having fiber diameters between about 6 μm and 11 μm and a plurality of second coarse fibers having fiber diameters between about 10 μm and 20 μm.

A separator for a battery is disclosed. The separator is an envelope separator. At least one aperture is provided in any of the first sealed edge, second sealed edge, and third sealed edge of the envelope separator, wherein the at least one aperture forms an electrolyte conduit which assists in the reduction of acid stratification. A battery and a plate and separator assembly are also disclosed.

A separator for a battery is disclosed. The separator is an envelope separator. At least one aperture is provided in any of the first sealed edge, second sealed edge, and third sealed edge of the envelope separator, wherein the at least one aperture forms an electrolyte conduit which assists in the reduction of acid stratification. A battery and a plate and separator assembly are also disclosed.