A high temperature resistant separator is disclosed. The high temperature resistant separator comprises a porous film having a porous polyolefin substrate with a plurality of first porous structures and a inorganic layer, wherein the inorganic layer includes a plurality of inorganic particles and a binder, and the inorganic layer is formed on at least one surface of the porous polyolefin substrate, to form a plurality of second porous structures communicating with the first porous structures of the polyolefin porous substrate; and a heat-resistant enhancement layer formed on a surface of the porous film and inner walls of the first porous structures and the second porous structures, wherein the heat-resistant enhancement layer is a composite layer formed by cross-linking a titanium alkoxide, a photo-reactive agent, the polyolefin and/or the binder of the surface and the inner walls of the first porous structures and the second porous structures of the porous film.

The present disclosure details header flow divider designs and methods of electrolyte distribution. Internal header flow dividers may include multiple flow channels and may be built into flow frames. Flow channels within internal header flow dividers may divide evenly multiple times in order to form multiple flow channel paths and provide a uniform distribution of electrolytes throughout electrode sheets within electrochemical cells. Furthermore, uniform electrolyte distribution across electrode sheets may not only enhance battery performance, but also prevent zinc dendrites that may be formed in electrode sheets. The prevention of zinc dendrite growth in electrode sheets may increase operating lifetime of flow batteries. The disclosed internal header flow dividers may also be included within end caps of electrochemical cells.

An improved electrolyte battery is provided that includes a tank assembly adapted to hold an amount of an anolyte and a catholyte, a number of cell stacks operably connected to the tank assembly, each stack formed of a number of flow frames disposed between end caps and a number of power converters operatively connected to the cell stacks. The cell stacks are formed with a number of flow frames each including individual inlets and outlets for anolyte and catholyte fluids and a separator disposed between flow frames defining anodic and cathodic half cells between each pair of flow frames. The power converter is configured to connect the battery with either forward or reverse polarity to a DC power source, such as a DC bus. The anodic and cathodic half cells switch as a function of the polarity by which the battery is connected to the Dc power source.

A stabilized electrolyte for a metal-halogen flow battery and flow battery system including the same. The electrolyte includes an aqueous metal halide, an anionic wetting agent, a bromine complexing agent, and bromine.

A rechargeable lithium battery includes an electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an additive including an azide group and a sulfonyl group substituted with a halogen element.

An aqueous electrolyte composition includes water and a salt component containing zinc chloride and manganese (II) acetate. The zinc chloride is present in an amount ranging from 10 moles to 30 moles, based on 1 kilogram of the water. An aqueous electrolyte formed by mixing the water and the salt component of the aqueous electrolyte composition to undergo a solvation process, and a zinc ion secondary battery including the aqueous electrolyte are also provided.

To improve the performance of certain multivalent metal electrodes, the electrodes can be treated prior to use in an electrochemical cell by applying a solution comprising an acid to a surface of a multivalent metal electrode, then removing excess solution comprising the acid and drying the surface of the multivalent metal electrode. The resulting electrode has an outer interphase layer comprised of a hydrated hydroxychloride comprising the multivalent metal, where the interphase layer has a thickness of less than 5 m.

A bipolar current collector of a Zinc Bromine Static Battery (ZBSB) apparatus comprises a first electrically conductive layer comprising a polyethylene based polymer and an electrically conductive agent. The first electrically conductive layer is in contact with a cathode layer of the ZBSB apparatus. The bipolar current collector further comprises a second electrically conductive layer that is attached to the first electrically conductive layer. The second electrically conductive layer comprises the polyethylene based polymer and a graphite layer. The ZBSB apparatus is independent of a preinstalled anode electrode. The second electrically conductive layer is configured to dynamically operate as an anode layer of the ZBSB apparatus when in operation.

An electrolyte of a static zinc-based battery, includes zinc bromide in a molar concentration ranging from 1.5 M to 3.0 M, a mixture of two or more quaternary ammonium salts as a bromine complexing agent in a range of 30% to 55% of the molar concentration of the zinc bromide, a glycol based anti-freezing agent in molar concentration ranging from 0.1 M to 2.0 M; and one or more additional supporting ionic conducting agents selected from a group comprising of zinc chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, lithium chloride, calcium chloride, or a combination thereof. Each of the one or more additional supporting ionic conducting agents or their combination is in a molar concentration ranging from 0.5 M to 2 M.

A cathode electrode of a Zinc Bromine Static Battery (ZBSB) apparatus. The cathode electrode comprises 80-90% by weight of a mixture of a quaternary ammonium salt fused with activated carbon to form a salt-fused activated carbon component. The cathode electrode further comprises 5-12% by weight of super P carbon. Furthermore, the cathode electrode comprises 1-5% by weight of a binder. The salt-fused activated carbon component, super P carbon, and the binder are mixed together to form the cathode electrode.