Separators, high performance electrochemical devices, such as, batteries and capacitors, including the aforementioned separators, systems and methods for fabricating the same. In one implementation, a separator is provided. The separator comprises a polymer substrate (131), capable of conducting ions, having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface. The separator further comprises a first ceramic-containing layer (136), capable of conducting ions, formed on the first surface. The first ceramic-containing layer (136) has a thickness in arrange from about 1,000 nanometers to about 5000 nanometers. The separator further comprises a second ceramic-containing layer (138), capable of conducting ions, formed on the second surface. The second ceramic-containing layer (138) is a binder-free ceramic-containing layer and has a thickness in arrange from about 1 nanometer to about 1,000 nanometers.

A separator for an electricity storage device comprising a silane-modified polyolefin, wherein silane crosslinking reaction of the silane-modified polyolefin is initiated when it contacts with the electrolyte solution, as well as a method for producing the separator.

A separator for an electricity storage device comprising a silane-modified polyolefin, wherein silane crosslinking reaction of the silane-modified polyolefin is initiated when it contacts with the electrolyte solution, as well as a method for producing the separator.

There is provided a porous polyimide film in which the pore distribution width A represented by the following formula is 1.15 or less, the average pore diameter is within a range of 0.50 μm to 3.0 μm, and the air permeation speed is 30 seconds or less:
A=(D.sub.84/D.sub.16).sup.1/2 wherein D.sub.16 is the pore diameter at 16% cumulation from the small diameter side of pores, and D.sub.84 is the pore diameter at 84% cumulation from the small diameter side of pores.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

A battery separator has performance enhancing additives or coatings, fillers with increased friability, increased ionic diffusion, decreased tortuosity, increased wettability, reduced oil content, reduced thickness, decreased electrical resistance, and/or increased porosity. The separator in a battery reduces the water loss, lowers acid stratification, lowers the voltage drop, and/or increases the CCA. The separators include or exhibit performance enhancing additives or coatings, increased porosity, increased void volume, amorphous silica, higher oil absorption silica, higher silanol group silica, reduced electrical resistance, a shish-kebab structure or morphology, a polyolefin microporous membrane containing particle-like filler in an amount of 40% or more by weight of the membrane and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having shish-kebab formations and the average repetition periodicity of the kebab formation from 1 nm to 150 nm, decreased sheet thickness, decreased tortuosity, separators especially well-suited for enhanced flooded batteries.

In an aspect, a solid-state Li-ion battery (SSLB) cell, may comprise an anode electrode comprising an anode electrode surface and an anode active material, a cathode electrode comprising a cathode electrode surface and an cathode active material, and an inorganic, melt-infiltrated, solid state electrolyte (SSE) ionically coupling the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein at least a portion of at least one of the electrode surfaces comprises an interphase layer separating the respective electrode active material from direct contact with the SSE, and wherein the interphase layer comprises two or more metals from the list of: Zr, Al, K, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La or non-La lanthanoids, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Nb.

A separator includes a substrate and a coating layer on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the coating layer includes first organic particles and second organic particles, and an average particle diameter of the first organic particles is larger than an average particle diameter of the second organic particles. The first organic particles protrude or extend to a height of about 0.1 μm to about 0.5 μm from a dented portion of a surface of the coating layer, and are distributed on the surface of the coating layer in an area ratio of about 5% or greater to less than 30% with respect to a total surface area of the coating layer. The separator may have improved adhesion to electrodes, insulation characteristics, and air permeability, and a battery including the separator may have improved lifespan characteristics.

A separator includes a substrate and a coating layer on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the coating layer includes first organic particles and second organic particles, and an average particle diameter of the first organic particles is larger than an average particle diameter of the second organic particles. The first organic particles protrude or extend to a height of about 0.1 μm to about 0.5 μm from a dented portion of a surface of the coating layer, and are distributed on the surface of the coating layer in an area ratio of about 5% or greater to less than 30% with respect to a total surface area of the coating layer. The separator may have improved adhesion to electrodes, insulation characteristics, and air permeability, and a battery including the separator may have improved lifespan characteristics.