An apparatus includes first and second electronically tunable transmission lines configured to transmit or receive a signal pair and provide a selected phase delay difference to the signal pair corresponding to a selected polarization, a first attenuation element connected to the first electronically tunable transmission line and a second attenuation element connected to the second electronically tunable transmission line. The first and second attenuation elements may each be configured to selectively attenuate signals carried on the electronically tunable transmission line to which they are connected according to a selected attenuation setting of a plurality of selectable attenuation settings provided by one or more attenuation control signals and thereby provide a selected attenuation to the signal pair that corresponds to the selected polarization. A corresponding method is also disclosed herein.

There is provided a cable tap device comprising a microstrip directional coupler having a first input port, a first output port, an isolation port and a first coupling port and a ferrite directional coupler having a second input port, a second output port and a second coupling port, wherein the microstrip directional coupler and the ferrite directional coupler are connected together to form a tap unit such that the first output port is connected to the second input port, the isolation port is connected to the second coupling port and the first coupling port connects to one or more tap ports. Capacitive elements can be associated with both types of directional coupler to prevent passage of low frequency signals through the directional couplers. Inductive elements to prevent passage of high frequency signals through the directional couplers.

Provided is a divider capable of accurately evaluating an object to be measured without being affected by impedance of a terminal to be measured of the object to be measured, and a signal generation system. There is provided a divider including an input terminal, a plurality of output terminals, a distribution unit that distributes a high frequency signal input to the input terminal and outputs signals obtained by the distribution, and a plurality of reflected wave blocking units that are respectively connected to a plurality of distribution unit outputs and attenuate reflected waves reflected by sides of the plurality of output terminals. The distribution unit includes the plurality of distribution unit outputs and outputs the high frequency signal distributed from the plurality of distribution unit outputs. Outputs from the plurality of reflected wave blocking units are output from the plurality of output terminals.

A time and frequency domain signal conditioning device including one or more signal terminals, one or more rails, and a passive signal conditioning means for reducing a switching noise jitter signature present in an output signal of a feedback control loop circuitry with a plurality of noise carrying jittering ramps is disclosed. The passive signal conditioning means including the rails is characterized by a set of specified characteristics to condition pre-existing noise amplitude and slopes of the output signal such that the conditioned output signal cooperates with the feedback control loop circuitry. As a consequence, the switching noise jitter signature which is produced by transient noise displacement or noise perturbation in the time domain when the output signal jitters can be reduced in the output of the feedback control loop circuitry.

A circuit arrangement and methods for reducing a time domain noise signature (switching noise jitter (SNJ) signature) in output and feedback paths of a feedback control loop circuitry having a transistor switching stage switching an output signal at one or more predetermined frequencies are disclosed. In an example, the circuit arrangement has a feedback control loop circuitry including a first means, a common connection junction, one or more signal terminals, one or more rails and a passive signal conditioning means. The passive signal conditioning means including the rails is closely coupled to the common connection junction and is characterized by a set of specified characteristics to condition pre-existing noise amplitude and slopes of an analog signal having a plurality of noise carrying jittering ramps. The set of specified characteristics is configured to provide substantial attenuation to the pre-existing noise amplitude in specified low and high frequency bands and steepen the slopes of the noise carrying jittering ramps with the substantially attenuated noise amplitude of the analog signal so as to improve the interactions between the analog signal and the feedback control loop circuitry, thereby the SNJ signature, which is produced by transient noise displacement or noise perturbation in the time domain when the analog signal jitters, can be reduced in the output and feedback paths of the feedback control loop circuitry, notwithstanding the fact that the signal conditioned analog signal still jitters. In another example, the set of specified characteristics of the passive signal conditioning means includes a first substantial predetermined signal conditioning equivalent series resistance (ESR). In another example, the circuit arrangement further comprises a frequency domain filter part disposed farther than the passive signal conditioning means from the common connection junction, and a ratio of the first substantial predetermined signal conditioning ESR to the corresponding ESR of the frequency domain filter part is characterized to be substantially greater than 1. In another example, the passive signal conditioning means comprises a selected filter or capacitor denoted as X2Y, of which is characterized to satisfy the set of specified characteristics. In another example, the frequency domain filter part comprises at least three terminals.

Electrical devices having variable electrical properties. The variable electrical characteristics or operation of the devices are based on the potential applied to a variable-dielectric constant sector associated with the device. The electronic devices or component may include bends, power splitters, filters, ports, phase shifters, frequency shifters, attenuators, couplers, capacitors, inductors, diplexers, hybrids of beam forming networks.

A switch comprises a first strip conductor and a second strip conductor, arranged orthogonally in a first plane. Moreover, the switch comprises a first switching conductor, having an orthogonally angled shape relative to the first plane. The switch comprises a switching actuator, which is mechanically connected to the first switching conductor and adapted to move vertically relative to the first plane to a first position and to a second position. The switching actuator is configured, so that in the first position, the first strip conductor is in contact with the first switching conductor and the second strip conductor is in contact with the first switching conductor, and so that in the second position, the first strip conductor and the second strip conductor are not in contact with the first switching conductor.

A dissipative device has a planar configuration with one or more resistor elements formed on an insulating substrate. Conductors are formed on the insulating substrate and are coupled to the resistor element(s) to transmit signals to/from the resistor element(s). The geometry of and materials for the dissipative device allow the conductors to act as heat sinks, which conduct heat generated in the resistor element(s) to the substrate (and on to a coupled housing) and cool hot electrons generated by the resistor element(s) via electron-phonon coupling. The dissipative device can be used in cooling a signal to a qubit, a cavity system of a quantum superconducting qubit, or any other cryogenic device sensitive to thermal noise.

A time and frequency domain signal conditioning device for reducing a time domain noise signature (switching noise jitter (SNJ) signature) in output and feedback paths of a feedback control loop circuitry having a transistor switching stage switching an output signal at one or more predetermined frequencies and methods of making the same are disclosed. In an example, the time and frequency domain signal conditioning device (SNJ conditioning device) has one or more signal terminals, one or more rails and a passive signal conditioning means. The passive signal conditioning means including the rails is characterized by a set of specified characteristics to condition pre-existing noise amplitude and slopes of an analog signal having a plurality of noise carrying jittering ramps. The set of specified characteristics is configured to provide substantial attenuation to the pre-existing noise amplitude in specified low and high frequency bands and steepen the slopes of the noise carrying jittering ramps with the substantially attenuated noise amplitude of the analog signal so as to improve the interactions between the analog signal and the feedback control loop circuitry when the time and frequency domain signal conditioning device provides the conditioned analog signal to cooperate with the feedback control loop circuitry, thereby the SNJ signature, which is produced by transient noise displacement or noise perturbation in the time domain when the analog signal jitters, can be reduced in the output and feedback paths of the feedback control loop circuitry, notwithstanding that fact that the signal conditioned analog signal still jitters. In another example, the set of specified characteristics of the passive signal conditioning means includes a first substantial predetermined signal conditioning equivalent series resistance (ESR). In another example, the time and frequency domain signal conditioning device further comprises a frequency domain filter part disposed farther than the passive signal conditioning means from the rails, and a ratio of the first substantial predetermined signal conditioning ESR to the corresponding ESR of the frequency domain filter part is characterized to be substantially greater than 1. In another example, the passive signal conditioning means comprises a selected filter or capacitor denoted as X2Y, of which is characterized to satisfy the set of specified characteristics. In another example, the frequency domain filter part comprises at least three terminals.

A frequency selective limiter (FSL) is provided having a transmission line structure with a tapered width. The FSL includes a substrate having a magnetic material, a signal (or center) conductor disposed on the substrate and first and second ground plane conductors disposed on the substrate. The signal conductor having a first end with a first width and a second end with a second different width such that the signal conductor is provided having a taper between the first and second ends of the signal conductor. First and second ground plane conductors are spaced apart from first and second edges of signal conductor, respectively, by a distance that changes from the first end of signal conductor to the second end of signal conductor such that signal conductor, and first and second ground plane conductors form a co-planar waveguide transmission line.