A module maintenance system includes a battery module, a charging device, and a rig. The battery module has a series configuration and a parallel configuration. In the parallel configuration, the rig connects each battery cell of the battery module in parallel and the charging device charges each battery cell of the battery module using the rig. In the series configuration, the battery module serially connects each battery cell of the battery module to a first terminal and a second terminal and the charging device charges each battery cell of the battery module using the first terminal and the second terminal.

A power supply system is a power supply system that performs charging and discharging between the power supply system and an external system. The power supply system includes a plurality of battery units and a controller. The plurality of battery units include a plurality of battery packs and a plurality of converters provided corresponding to the plurality of battery packs. The plurality of battery units are connected together in parallel. The controller controls the plurality of converters to charge each of the plurality of battery packs to a fully charged state. For each of the plurality of battery packs, the controller is configured to perform equalization control to equalize voltages of cells included in the battery pack when the battery pack is charged to the fully charged state.

A method for measuring electrical quantities in an electrical system includes obtaining a first set of known electrical outputs of an electrical quantity sensor at a first temperature. The method also includes obtaining a second set of known electrical outputs of the electrical quantity sensor at a second temperature that is different from the first temperature. The method further includes measuring an operational temperature of one or more locations in the electrical system. The method still further includes computing a pair of reference electrical output values corresponding to the measured operational temperature in accordance with the first set of known electrical outputs at the first temperature and the second set of known electrical outputs at the second temperature. The method also includes interpolating among the pair of computed reference electrical output values to determine a temperature-corrected electrical quantity based on the measured operational temperature and the reference electrical output values.

An energy system includes at least one energy store for storing electric energy, and at least one inverter, the energy system being modularly designed in respect of the energy store and/or the inverter. Also, the use of the energy system when forming a stand-alone power system has particularly low standby losses as a result of the use of an electrically non-isolated DC/AC converter as well as high efficiency especially in the low partial load range. In addition, the energy system can have a use in which energy sources such as PV modules can be connected to the energy system within the protective extra-low voltage, as is often desired in caravans and motorhomes.

A mobile X-ray apparatus includes: an X-ray radiation device; a controller configured to control the X-ray radiation device; a power supply configured to supply operating power to the X-ray radiation device and the controller via a lithium ion battery and control overcurrent occurring during X-ray emission by the X-ray radiation device; and a charger configured to charge the power supply. Each of the controller, the power supply, and the charger is embodied in a physically separate module, and each of the power supply and the charger is encased in a metal case.

A voltage detection device is provided which includes: a plurality of wires that are connected to a plurality of battery cells of a battery; a voltage detection circuit that operates with supply of electric power from the battery and detects voltages of the plurality of battery cells via the plurality of wires; an overvoltage protection circuit that electrically connects one or more wires of the plurality of wires to a minus terminal of the battery when the voltage of the one or more wires is higher than a predetermined threshold value; and a breaker circuit that irreversibly breaks electrical connection between the minus terminal and the voltage detection circuit using a current flowing from the one or more wires to the minus terminal.

The invention relates to a method for automatically regulating an electric output which is dispensed by a secondary battery that has at least two battery cells, wherein the charge states of all the battery cells are repeatedly detected at time intervals, an average charge state (SOC.sub.average) is ascertained per battery cell from the detected charge states of the battery cells, a deviation of at least one charge state of a battery cell from the average charge state (SOC.sub.average) is detected, and the average charge state (SOC.sub.average) and the deviation are taken into consideration during the automatic and dynamic regulation of the electric output dispensed by the secondary battery.

A battery monitoring device includes a battery information input terminal, a battery state monitoring unit, an output terminal, a circuit board, and a housing member. The battery information input terminal is electrically connected to a battery state detecting member. The battery state monitoring unit receives a battery state detection signal via the battery information input terminal. The output terminal outputs monitoring information on the battery state corresponding to the battery state detection signal to an external arithmetic processor. The circuit board is provided with the battery information input terminal, the battery state monitoring unit, and the output terminal. The housing member is integrally formed with the battery information input terminal, the battery state monitoring unit, the output terminal, and the circuit board so as to accommodate at least the whole battery state monitoring unit and the whole circuit board and expose terminal connecting portions to the outside.

A battery system a plurality of battery strings, a charge equalization circuit, a relay matrix, and a balance controller. The plurality of battery strings comprises at least three batteries connected in series, where the battery strings are connected in parallel. The charge equalization circuit is capable of transferring charge between a pair of series connected batteries. The relay matrix is operatively connected between the charge equalization circuit and the plurality of battery strings. The balance controller operates the relay matrix based on at least one of a voltage and a current of any one of the batteries such that the charge equalization circuit is connected across any one of the pairs of series connected batteries in any one of the plurality of battery strings such that the charge equalization circuit transfers charge between the batteries in the pair of series connected batteries to which the charge equalization circuit is connected.

A cell voltage detection circuit is connected to each node of a plurality of cells connected in series by voltage detection lines, and detects the voltage of each of the cells. A total voltage detection circuit detects the voltage between the highest node and the lowest node of the cells. When the cell voltage of the highest cell or the lowest cell detected by the cell voltage detection circuit is abnormal, a controlling circuit compares the voltage detected by the total voltage detection circuit and a cell voltage sum obtained by adding the cell voltages of the cells detected by the cell voltage detection circuit. When the two voltages match, it is determined that the highest or the lowest cell is abnormal, and when the two voltages do not match, it is determined that a disconnection of the highest or the lowest voltage detection line has occurred.