A power supply system including a low-voltage system and a high-voltage system having the high-voltage battery, that can provide an energy-efficient system of equalization of the high-voltage battery, is provided. The power supply system includes the high-voltage system having the high-voltage battery constituted of a plurality of battery cells, the low-voltage system, an insulation transmission part configured to transmit, in an insulated fashion, energy from each of the battery cells to the low-voltage system individually, and an equalization and transmission processing part configured to measure voltage of each of the battery cells, set a target battery cell to be processed for equalization, and control operation of the insulation transmission part and thereby transmit energy of the target battery cell to the low-voltage system.

A modular management system for balancing, testing and protecting rechargeable energy storage cells connected in series. Different energy storage cell technologies can be connected in the same battery pack and they can be completely balanced by using one or both of two balancing modes. In addition, the modular management system includes bidirectional and unidirectional switches optionally connected to a single ohmic device such as a resistor to efficiently execute a Dual Function Process (DFP) (i.e., passive/active balancing, and testing mode for SoH/SoC estimation) preferably without using any extra or external components (i.e., capacitor or inductor or DC/DC converter or power supply). The systems and methods decrease the balancing time, energy loss, heat loss and complexity needed to monitor, protect and balance energy storage cell systems such as battery systems, and thus decreasing the overall cost.

An energy storage element for providing a voltage has a first control apparatus and modules, which modules each have an energy storage unit, a connection unit and a module control apparatus. The connection units are connected between two associated modules and have first switches and which connection units are designed to enable, on the basis of the state of the first switches, at least two connections from the group of connections including parallel connection of two modules, serial connection of two modules, bridging of at least one of the two modules which first control apparatus and which module control apparatus are together designed to make it possible to change the control of the associated connection unit during use of the energy storage element in order to reconfigure the energy storage element. The first control apparatus is designed to control the module control apparatuses.

A high voltage electrical system for a vehicle, the system comprising: a high voltage battery unit having a first high voltage battery connected in series with a second high voltage battery such that a nominal operating voltage of the battery unit is the sum of a voltage of the first high voltage battery and a voltage of the second high voltage battery; a bi-directional high voltage DC/DC-converter connected in parallel with the first high voltage battery and with the second high voltage battery, the DC/DC-converter being arranged to receive a charging voltage from a high voltage inlet or from a propulsion converter connected to an electrical machine; wherein the DC/DC converter is configured to control charging of the first and second high voltage battery to balance a state of charge of the first and second high voltage battery.

A hybrid energy storage module system includes a first power stage having a short circuit switch to connect the first power stage to a power bus, a second power stage stacked in series with the first power stage and having a short circuit switch to connect the second power stage to the power bus, and a controller. The controller is operably connected to the first and second power stage short circuit switches to discharge one of the first and second power stage through the other of the first and second power stage in a state of charge balancing mode. Aircraft electrical systems and methods of controlling connectivity of hybrid energy storage modules to electrical systems are also described.

A secondary battery system and a secondary battery control method, wherein the system and the method include a plurality of unit cells connected in series, and a recovery charging controller that performs recovery charging of charging the plurality of unit cells while generating a micro short-circuit in at least one of the plurality of unit cells by charging the plurality of unit cells at a predetermined recovery charging current value which is higher than a upper limit current value during normal charging, wherein the unit cells are all-solid-state lithium secondary battery unit cells.

There is described a method of balancing a multi-cell battery. An alignment distance for each cell of the multi-cell battery is determined. The alignment distance defines a change in charge quantity required to achieve a target alignment point, based on a current charge quantity of the cell. Based on the determined alignment distances, one or more unbalanced cells are identified. Each unbalanced cell is then balanced by adjusting its current charge quantity according to the alignment distances. In one embodiment, the target alignment point is a target state of charge. In another embodiment, the target alignment point is a target charge quantity.

In a protection circuit, a decision circuit generates a configuration signal indicative of an application requirement associated with a battery pack, generates an indication signal indicative of the battery pack's status, sets the indication signal to a first state if an abnormal condition is detected, and sets the indication signal to a second state if the battery pack is in a normal condition. A control circuit receives a supply signal indicative of a voltage at an input terminal of a switch, provides a protection signal to a control terminal of the switch to control the switch, and sets the protection signal to a first level or a second level according to the indication and configuration signals. The first level is equal to a level of the supply signal, and the second level is equal to the supply signal minus a predetermined voltage reference.

An electrically driven vehicle includes an electrical storage device that includes a plurality of electrical storage bodies and that charges by a direct current electric power supply, and an electronic control unit that limits charge electric power supplied by the direct current electric power supply as an electrical storage amount of the electrical storage device increases. The plurality of the electrical storage bodies includes a first electrical storage body and a second electrical storage body. The electronic control unit performs adjustment control when charge by the direct current electric power supply is not carried out. The electronic control unit charges the first electrical storage body in priority to the second electrical storage body when charge by the direct current electric power supply is carried out.

A battery management system may include a plurality of balancing resistors respectively forming balancing discharging paths of cells connected in series to each other, a plurality of balancing switches respectively connected between the cells and the balancing resistors, and configured to control cell-balancing of each of the cells, a voltage-detecting circuit for detecting respective cell voltages of the cells, and a battery controller for acquiring respective balancing capacities of the cells based on the cell voltages, for obtaining duty cycles of the balancing switches according to the balancing capacities, and for scaling the duty cycles of the balancing switches according to a sum of duty cycles of two adjacent cells from among the cells.