A charging system includes: a power management integrated circuit, a bidirectional voltage conversion circuit, a controller and a battery level detection circuit. The bidirectional voltage conversion circuit is configured to work in a working mode including at least a boost mode and a buck mode. The controller has a first terminal. An input terminal of the battery level detection circuit is connected to a battery, an output terminal of the battery level detection circuit is connected to the first input terminal of the controller, and the battery level detection circuit is configured to detect a voltage and a current of the battery and transmit the voltage and the current of the battery to the controller. The controller is configured to control the working mode of the bidirectional voltage conversion circuit and a working state of the power management integrated circuit according to the battery voltage and the current.

The electrical system (100) includes: —a capacitor (C); —an electrical power supply device (102); —an electrical power receiving device (104); —a current-consuming electrical circuit (108) designed to consume a current (i) entering via a first interface terminal (B.sub.A) and exiting via a second interface terminal (B.sub.B). The electrical system (100) being designed such that the current-consuming electrical circuit (108) consumes the discharge current (i) when the electrical power supply device (102) is connected to the terminals of the capacitor (C). The current-consuming electrical circuit (108) includes a transistor (Q1) arranged such that the consumed current (i) enters via a current input terminal (C1) of the transistor (Q1) and exits via a current output terminal (E1) of the transistor (Q1), and in that the current output terminal (E1) is connected to a control terminal (B1) of the transistor (Q1) in order to stabilize the transistor (Q1).

A ground fault detection device compatible with Y capacitors of various capacities without increasing the capacitance of a detection capacitor is provided. The ground fault detection device includes a first detection capacitor that operates as a flying capacitor, a second detection capacitor that operates as a flying capacitor, a control unit measures the charging voltage of the first detection capacitor and the second detection capacitor, a switching unit that switches between a state using a first measurement system in which the first detection capacitor is charged with the high voltage battery and the charging voltage of the first detection capacitor is measured by the control unit, and a state using a second measurement system in which the second detection capacitor is charged with the high voltage battery and the charging voltage of the second detection capacitor is measured by the control unit.

An aerosol generation device includes a power system having at least one supercapacitor and at least one battery. The power system is operable in a plurality of selectable operating modes. The aerosol generation device further includes a controller. The controller is configured to control a power flow of the at least one supercapacitor and a power flow of the at least one battery based on the selected operating mode. The plurality of operating modes includes a float mode in which a heater associated with the aerosol generation device is maintained substantially at an aerosol generation temperature. In the float mode the controller is configured to control a power flow of the power system to maintain the heater substantially at the aerosol generation temperature, and control the at least one battery to charge the at least one supercapacitor.

An electronic circuit configured to present a high-impedance load between a load point and a reference point includes a capacitive element (C) provided between a first node (Node A) and the reference point, a first element (D.sub.1) connected in parallel with the capacitive element (C), a first switching element (S.sub.1) provided in series between the first node (A) and a voltage source point, a second switching element (S.sub.2) provided between the first node (A) and a second node (Node B), a second element (D.sub.2) connected between the second switching element (S.sub.2), the load point, and the reference point, and timing control logic configured to implement three stages. In a charging stage, the first switching element (S.sub.1) is closed and the second switching element (S.sub.2) to charge a nodal voltage v.sub.D(t) at the first node (A). In discharge stage, the first switching element (S.sub.1) is open and the second switching element (S.sub.2) is open to enable discharging of the capacitive element (C) through the first element (D.sub.1). In a transfer stage, the second switching element (S.sub.2) is closed to connect the first node (A) and the second node (B), after which the second switching element (S.sub.2) is opened and the second element (D.sub.2) is biased to present the high-impedance load.

A self-powered IED for a pole-mounted auto-recloser connected to an electric line includes a main control module and a lockout indication module. The main control module determines a fault in the electric line and trips the auto-recloser. During a permanent fault in the electric line, the auto-recloser is remained open, and the main control module activates a lockout state by generating a lockout set signal. The lockout indication module comprises a light source and super-capacitors. The super-capacitors provide stored charges to the light source when the lockout state is activated to provide notification throughout the lockout state.

An energy monitoring system for discharging energy in an energy transfer device of a vehicle, including an isolation monitoring unit, a capacitor unit, a voltage terminal unit and a control unit. The voltage terminal unit is connectable to an energy storage system and transfers energy from the energy storage system to a vehicle subsystem. The isolation monitoring unit includes a first isolation resistor element and switch element. The resistor element is connectable to the voltage terminal unit via the switch element. The capacitor unit is connected to the voltage terminal unit and filters electromagnetic interference by storing energy during energy transfer to the subsystem. The control unit closes the first isolation switch element in case of a disconnection of the energy transfer to form a discharge circuit connecting the isolation monitoring unit and the capacitor unit. The discharge circuit discharges energy stored in the capacitor unit.

An energy harvesting circuit for harvesting energy from a medium voltage power line. The energy harvesting circuit includes an input capacitor electrically coupled to the power line and storing power therefrom, and a flyback converter including a primary coil and a secondary coil. The harvesting circuit further includes a switching circuit electrically coupled in series with the primary coil and being operable to electrically connect and disconnect the input capacitor to and from the primary coil, where the switching circuit includes an input voltage regulation feedback circuit for regulating an input voltage provided to the switching circuit from the input capacitor. The harvesting circuit also includes an output capacitor electrically coupled to the secondary coil and the actuator, where the output capacitor is charged by the secondary coil when the switching circuit is closed to provide power to an actuator to close a vacuum interrupter.

A handheld device includes an electronic instrument and a capacitive power supply for storing and delivering power to the electronic instrument. The capacitive power supply includes at least one capacitor, and an electronic circuit operable to boost a voltage from the capacitor to a higher voltage for use by the electronic instrument. The capacitive power supply can be rapidly recharged. Some configurations include an accelerometer which permits the handheld device to detect movement and perform various operations responsive to detected movement. A dual charging station is also disclosed.

A control circuit is provided, including first and second terminals for connection to an electrical network; a current transmission path extending between the first and second terminals, the current transmission path including first and second current transmission path portions, the first and second current transmission path portions being arranged to permit a current flowing, in use, between the first and second terminals and through the first current transmission path portion to bypass the second current transmission path portion and to permit a current flowing, in use, between the first and second terminals and through the second current transmission path portion to bypass the first current transmission path portion; and a controller configured to selectively remove the or each energy storage device from the respective current transmission path portion to cause current to flow from the electrical network through the current transmission path and the or each energy conversion element.