A distributed energy conversion system may include one or more DC power sources and two or more inverters to convert DC power from the power sources to AC power. The AC power from the two or more inverters may be combined to provide a single AC output. A module may include one or more photovoltaic cells and two or more inverters. An integrated circuit may include power electronics to convert DC input power to AC output power and processing circuitry to control the power electronics. The AC output power may be synchronized with an AC power distribution system.

Arrangements and methods for identifying a phase-to-ground inverter short circuit in an IT (isolé-terre or isolated ground) network are provided. In the method, AC current values of all three phases and DC current values are measured and evaluated at a frequency that is higher than the clock frequency of the inverter. An AC short-circuit current is also identified by subtracting the fundamental wave from the AC current sensor values. An AC component of the DC current sensor value is also identified, and it is identified whether this component is higher than a value predefined for regular operation. The AC short-circuit current and the AC component of the DC current sensor value are also compared. A short circuit is identified for the phase if the two values of the AC short-circuit current and the AC component of the DC current sensor value are approximately equal.

Arrangements and methods for identifying a phase-to-ground inverter short circuit in an IT (isolé-terre or isolated ground) network are provided. In the method, AC current values of all three phases and DC current values are measured and evaluated at a frequency that is higher than the clock frequency of the inverter. An AC short-circuit current is also identified by subtracting the fundamental wave from the AC current sensor values. An AC component of the DC current sensor value is also identified, and it is identified whether this component is higher than a value predefined for regular operation. The AC short-circuit current and the AC component of the DC current sensor value are also compared. A short circuit is identified for the phase if the two values of the AC short-circuit current and the AC component of the DC current sensor value are approximately equal.

An inverter apparatus includes a main circuit substrate, an EMC filter substrate, a control substrate, and a panel. The main circuit substrate is configured to convert electric power and includes an output terminal through which the electric power is output from the inverter apparatus. The EMC filter substrate is provided on the main circuit substrate and configured to reduce propagation of electromagnetic noise. The EMC filter substrate includes a first input terminal through which the electric power is input to the inverter apparatus. The control substrate is provided on the EMC filter substrate so that the EMC filter substrate is sandwiched between the main circuit substrate and the control substrate. The control substrate is configured to control the main circuit substrate. The panel is provided on the control substrate so that the control substrate is sandwiched between the EMC filter substrate and the panel.

An inverter apparatus includes a main circuit substrate, an EMC filter substrate, a control substrate, and a panel. The main circuit substrate is configured to convert electric power and includes an output terminal through which the electric power is output from the inverter apparatus. The EMC filter substrate is provided on the main circuit substrate and configured to reduce propagation of electromagnetic noise. The EMC filter substrate includes a first input terminal through which the electric power is input to the inverter apparatus. The control substrate is provided on the EMC filter substrate so that the EMC filter substrate is sandwiched between the main circuit substrate and the control substrate. The control substrate is configured to control the main circuit substrate. The panel is provided on the control substrate so that the control substrate is sandwiched between the EMC filter substrate and the panel.

A switching device according to the present invention is a switching device for switching a load by on-off control of voltage, and includes an SiC semiconductor layer where a current path is formed by on-control of the voltage, a first electrode arranged to be in contact with the SiC semiconductor layer, and a second electrode arranged to be in contact with the SiC semiconductor layer for conducting with the first electrode due to the formation of the current path, while the first electrode has a variable resistance portion made of a material whose resistance value increases under a prescribed high-temperature condition for limiting current density of overcurrent to not more than a prescribed value when the overcurrent flows to the current path.

A switching device according to the present invention is a switching device for switching a load by on-off control of voltage, and includes an SiC semiconductor layer where a current path is formed by on-control of the voltage, a first electrode arranged to be in contact with the SiC semiconductor layer, and a second electrode arranged to be in contact with the SiC semiconductor layer for conducting with the first electrode due to the formation of the current path, while the first electrode has a variable resistance portion made of a material whose resistance value increases under a prescribed high-temperature condition for limiting current density of overcurrent to not more than a prescribed value when the overcurrent flows to the current path.

A treatment system includes a treatment tool having a heater and bipolar electrodes to grip a treatment target. An energy source apparatus is used to electrically communicate with the treatment tool. The energy output source is configured to output high-frequency electric power to the bipolar electrodes through a first circuit. A high-frequency current flows through the treatment target between the bipolar electrodes. The energy output source is configured to output heater electric power to the heater for generating heat through a second circuit. At least one processor is used to control the energy output source.

A vehicle includes a vehicle body, a vehicle seat, an inverter and an inverter cover. The vehicle body defines a vehicle interior. The vehicle seat is disposed on a floor of the vehicle interior. The inverter has a housing fixed to the floor of the vehicle interior at a location underneath the vehicle seat. The inverter cover is detachably attached to the inverter housing.

A vehicle includes a vehicle body, a vehicle seat, an inverter and an inverter cover. The vehicle body defines a vehicle interior. The vehicle seat is disposed on a floor of the vehicle interior. The inverter has a housing fixed to the floor of the vehicle interior at a location underneath the vehicle seat. The inverter cover is detachably attached to the inverter housing.