An analog-to-digital converter and a thermopile array. The analog-to-digital converter comprises: a reference voltage generation circuit comprising a voltage generation unit; a chopping modulation unit used to perform chopping modulation on a voltage signal generated by the voltage generation unit, and to modulate low frequency noise of the voltage signal into high frequency noise; and a low-pass filter used to eliminate the high frequency noise to obtain a reference voltage. The invention employs a simple structure to obtain a low noise reference voltage at low costs.

A data weighted averaging (DWA) data word in a standard or normal form unary code format is first converted to a thermometer control word in an alternative or spatial form unary code format. The thermometer control word is then converted from the alternative or spatial form unary code format to output a corresponding binary word.

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) processing system includes artificial neurons (processing elements) and an analog to digital converter (ADC). An artificial neuron includes a digital to analog converter (DAC) and a low pass filter (LPF) configured to generate a first filtered analog current signal. Also, the artificial neuron includes a delta-sigma DAC configured to generate an M-bit current signal based on a digital weight value. The artificial neuron also includes a multiplier configured to generate a first output current source signal based on the first filtered analog current signal and the M-bit current signal. The ADC is operably coupled to a common node via a single line and configured to generate a digital output signal based on an input voltage of the ADC. The digital output signal is representative of a summation of output analog current signals at a common node to which the ADC is operably coupled.

A digital filter is used in an A/D converter and includes a first filter and second filter. The first filter outputs first digital data by performing filter processing on output of an A/D conversion unit included in the A/D converter. The second filter outputs second digital data by performing filter processing on the output of the A/D conversion unit. The second digital data has either a lower resolution or a smaller effective number of bits than the first digital data does. The second filter outputs the second digital data before the first filter outputs the first digital data.

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) includes a modulator, an integrator circuit, and first and second differentiator circuits. The modulator has a modulator input and a modulator output. The modulator input is configured to receive an analog signal, and the modulator is configured to generate digital data on the modulator output. The integrator circuit has an integrator circuit input and an integrator output. The integrator input is coupled to the modulator output. The first differentiator circuit is coupled to the integrator output, and the first differentiator circuit is configured to be clocked with a first clock. The second differentiator circuit is coupled to the integrator output, and the second differentiator circuit configured to be clocked with a second clock. The second clock is out of phase with respect to the first clock.

Disclosed herein is a temperature compensated crystal oscillator, TCXO, comprising: a crystal oscillator arrangement configured to generate an output signal of the temperature compensated crystal oscillator; and a temperature sensor arranged to generate a temperature sensor signal, wherein the output signal of the crystal oscillator arrangement is controlled in dependence on the temperature sensor signal; wherein: the temperature sensor comprises a plurality of transistor circuits; each transistor circuit comprises a transistor and a bias circuit; each transistor circuit is arranged to output a temperature signal that is dependent on the temperature of the transistor comprised by the transistor circuit; each bias circuit is configured such that the noise level in each output temperature signal is low; and the plurality of transistor circuits are arranged so that the temperature sensor signal is dependent on each of the plurality of output temperature signals.

A variety of methods, controllers and electric machine systems are described that facilitate pulsed control of electric machines (e.g., electric motors and generators) to improve the machine's energy conversion efficiency. Under selected operating conditions, the electric machine is intermittently driven (pulsed). The pulsed operation causes the output of the electric machine to alternate between a first output level and a second output level that is lower than the first output level. The output levels are selected such that at least one of the electric machine and a system that includes the electric machine has a higher energy conversion efficiency during the pulsed operation than the electric machine would have when operated at a third output level that would be required to drive the electric machine in a continuous manner to deliver the desired output. In some embodiments, the second output level is zero torque.

A device configured to monitor a voltage at a voltage rail for driving a motor includes processing circuitry configured to receive an indication of a switching signal for a phase of a plurality of phases of the motor. Inverter circuitry associated with the device is configured to electrically couple the phase to the voltage rail or to a reference rail associated with the voltage rail based on a driving signal that is generated based on the switching signal. The processing circuitry is further configured to determine a measurement time to measure the voltage at the voltage rail based on the switching signal and generate, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a set of measured voltage values based on the voltage at the voltage rail during the measurement time.

Provided is a system that includes: a plurality of touch sensors sharing a signal medium, each touch sensor in the plurality being configured to output set of frequencies on the signal medium responsive to being touched, each touch sensor in the plurality being configured to output a different set of frequencies; an analog to digital converter electrically coupled to the signal medium and configured to receive the sets of frequencies from the touch sensors and convert the sets of frequencies to digital representations of the sets of frequencies in the time domain; a processor communicatively coupled to the analog to digital converter and configured to execute a fast Fourier transform of the digital representations from the time domain into digital representations in the frequency domain; and an address decoder operative to transform the digital representations in the frequency domain into identifiers of touch sensors among the plurality of touch sensors.

The present disclosure discloses a touch sensing signal processing circuit which senses a change in capacitance of a sensing node for touch sensing and provides a logic signal corresponding to the touch sensing. The touch sensing signal processing circuit of the present disclosure is configured using a delta-sigma analog to digital converter. Auto-tuning may be performed by delta-sigma analog conversion.