A heart generated signal is provided by a heart sensor of a mobile device to an analog to digital (A/D) converter for A/D converting the sensor provided signal. The A/D converted heart signal is processed to provide heart rate. The heart rate is recorded or stored in the mobile device or is transmitted in a wireless communication system. The mobile device receives sensor provided Electro Cardiogram (ECG) signal. The ECG signal is stored or is provided to an interface unit. The mobile device has transceivers for receiving and transmitting Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) signals and for modulating and transmitting spread spectrum baseband signals. The spread spectrum baseband signals have cross-correlated in-phase and quadrature-phase filtered baseband signals.

Disclosed are a mobile and expandable firmware-based optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling same. The optical spectroscopy system may comprise: a wearing part attached to a particular region of a subject to irradiate light, on the basis of a firmware, to the particular region and measure the bodily signals of the subject by collecting emergent light which has passed through the particular region; and a monitoring unit, connected to the wearing part via a wired or wireless network, for controlling the strength of the light irradiated from the wearing part.

Embodiments of the present application disclose a spreading method, a spreading control method, and apparatuses thereof. The spreading method comprises: determining a first combined spreading code to be used at least according to first information associated with spreading by using combined spreading codes, the first combined spreading code comprising N spreading codes, and N being an integer not less than 2; and spreading N data units by using the first combined spreading code, wherein the N data units comprise at least one first unit and at least one second unit, the at least one first unit comprises data to be sent, and the at least one second unit is configured to recover the at least one first unit. The methods and apparatuses of the embodiments of the present application can effectively solve the problem of an insufficient number of orthogonal spreading codes by using combined spreading codes.

A system, method, and computer program product for chaotically generating a pseudorandom number sequence, such as for use in spread spectrum communications systems and in cryptographic systems. Chaotically generated pseudorandom numbers are not cyclostationary in nature, so output values encoded via such non-cyclostationary bases have no clear correlations. Spread signal communications systems using chaotically generated spreading codes thus operate without rate line artifacts, increasing their resistance to signal detection and to determinations of underlying signal chip rates and signal symbol rates. Broadcasts and guided transmissions (including either conductive wire or optical transmission media), in both radio frequency and optical systems are supported. Common spread spectrum communications systems including DSSS and FHSS may be strengthened through the use of chaotically generated spreading codes. Similarly, keys and nonces generated for cryptographic systems may be improved over those based on conventionally generated pseudorandom numbers.

A system, method, and computer program product for chaotically generating a pseudorandom number sequence, such as for use in spread spectrum communications systems and in cryptographic systems. Chaotically generated pseudorandom numbers are not cyclostationary in nature, so output values encoded via such non-cyclostationary bases have no clear correlations. Spread signal communications systems using chaotically generated spreading codes thus operate without rate line artifacts, increasing their resistance to signal detection and to determinations of underlying signal chip rates and signal symbol rates. Broadcasts and guided transmissions (including either conductive wire or optical transmission media), in both radio frequency and optical systems are supported. Common spread spectrum communications systems including DSSS and FHSS may be strengthened through the use of chaotically generated spreading codes. Similarly, keys and nonces generated for cryptographic systems may be improved over those based on conventionally generated pseudorandom numbers.

According to methods of performing a passive inter-modulation distortion (“PID”) test, a first excitation signal and a second excitation signal are applied to a device under test, where at least one of the first and second excitation signals is a spread spectrum excitation signal. An output signal is received that includes a PID signal generated from mixing of the first and second excitation signals. At least a portion of the output signal is de-spread. A characteristic of the PID signal may then be measured.

A method and apparatus detects and estimates geo-observables of navigation signals employing civil formats with repeating baseband signal components, i.e., “pilot signals,” including true GNSS signals generated by satellite vehicles (SV's) or ground beacons (pseudolites), and malicious GNSS signals, e.g., spoofers and repeaters. Multi-subband symbol-rate synchronous channelization can exploit the full substantive bandwidth of the GNSS signals with managed complexity in each subband. Spatial/polarization receivers can be provided to remove interference and geolocate non-GNSS jamming sources, as well as targeted GNSS spoofers that emulate GNSS signals. This can provide time-to-first-fix (TTFF) over much smaller time intervals than existing GNSS methods; can operate in the presence of signals with much wider disparity in received power than existing techniques; and can operate in the presence of arbitrary multipath.

A method and apparatus detects and estimates geo-observables of navigation signals employing civil formats with repeating baseband signal components, i.e., “pilot signals,” including true GNSS signals generated by satellite vehicles (SV's) or ground beacons (pseudolites), and malicious GNSS signals, e.g., spoofers and repeaters. Multi-subband symbol-rate synchronous channelization can exploit the full substantive bandwidth of the GNSS signals with managed complexity in each subband. Spatial/polarization receivers can be provided to remove interference and geolocate non-GNSS jamming sources, as well as targeted GNSS spoofers that emulate GNSS signals. This can provide time-to-first-fix (TTFF) over much smaller time intervals than existing GNSS methods; can operate in the presence of signals with much wider disparity in received power than existing techniques; and can operate in the presence of arbitrary multipath.

The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5.sup.th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4.sup.th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. Provided are a method and user equipment for sending feedback information to a base station. The method includes receiving a Channel Status Indication Reference Signal (CSI-RS) from the base station; generating feedback information on a basis of the received CSI-RS; and transmitting the generated feedback information to the base station, wherein generating feedback information includes selecting a precoding matrix for each antenna port group of the base station and selecting an additional precoding matrix on a basis of a relationship between the antenna port groups of the base station.

The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5.sup.th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4.sup.th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. Provided are a method and user equipment for sending feedback information to a base station. The method includes receiving a Channel Status Indication Reference Signal (CSI-RS) from the base station; generating feedback information on a basis of the received CSI-RS; and transmitting the generated feedback information to the base station, wherein generating feedback information includes selecting a precoding matrix for each antenna port group of the base station and selecting an additional precoding matrix on a basis of a relationship between the antenna port groups of the base station.