A relay terminal includes a relay protocol stack, the relay protocol stack being located between a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer and a layer 2 protocol stack, or the relay protocol stack being a media access control (MAC) layer protocol stack. The relay method includes: a relay receiving entity receiving a relay protocol data unit (PDU) sent by a previous hop node, and transmitting the relay PDU to a relay sending entity; and the relay sending entity sending the relay PDU to a next hop node.

A relay terminal includes a relay protocol stack, the relay protocol stack being located between a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer and a layer 2 protocol stack, or the relay protocol stack being a media access control (MAC) layer protocol stack. The relay method includes: a relay receiving entity receiving a relay protocol data unit (PDU) sent by a previous hop node, and transmitting the relay PDU to a relay sending entity; and the relay sending entity sending the relay PDU to a next hop node.

A communication terminal capable of at least millimeter-wave communication and microwave communication is provided. The communication terminal includes a repeater that relays communication between a first communication terminal and a second communication terminal by using millimeter-wave communication. Such a communication terminal is capable of maintaining good millimeter-wave communication between terminals.

A communication terminal capable of at least millimeter-wave communication and microwave communication is provided. The communication terminal includes a repeater that relays communication between a first communication terminal and a second communication terminal by using millimeter-wave communication. Such a communication terminal is capable of maintaining good millimeter-wave communication between terminals.

A system for subsurface transmission includes an array of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter nodes supported by semi-autonomous maritime, airborne, or space platforms spaced at regular intervals from their nearest neighbors and phased to localize VLF coverage to some desired area on a body of water.

Example aspects include a method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium for detecting a repeater on a propagation path at a transmitting device of a wireless communication network, comprising receiving a repeater detection configuration indicating a detection threshold and at least one transmit power level. The aspects further include transmitting a first signal at a first power level. Additionally, the aspects include receiving first measurement results of the first signal. Additionally, the aspects include transmitting a second signal at a second power level. The second power level being different than the first power level. Additionally, the aspects include receiving second measurement results of the second signal. Additionally, the aspects include detecting an active repeater on the propagation path in response to a difference between the first measurement results and the second measurement results satisfying the detection threshold.

Example aspects include a method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium for detecting a repeater on a propagation path at a transmitting device of a wireless communication network, comprising receiving a repeater detection configuration indicating a detection threshold and at least one transmit power level. The aspects further include transmitting a first signal at a first power level. Additionally, the aspects include receiving first measurement results of the first signal. Additionally, the aspects include transmitting a second signal at a second power level. The second power level being different than the first power level. Additionally, the aspects include receiving second measurement results of the second signal. Additionally, the aspects include detecting an active repeater on the propagation path in response to a difference between the first measurement results and the second measurement results satisfying the detection threshold.

A method of acquiring access rights to conditional access content. The method comprises receiving an access right on a first terminal through a first communication channel; storing said access right in said first terminal; sending a request for said conditional access content to a content provider, said request containing at least an identifier of an account to which said first terminal is associated, an identifier of the requested content and a piece of information concerning said access right; verifying, by said content provider, the authenticity of said access right using said piece of information concerning the access right; and when there has been a successful verification, marking said access right as used, and sending said conditional access content to at least one terminal linked to said account. The first terminal using near field communication technology (NFC) during at least one transfer of said access rights.

A method of acquiring access rights to conditional access content. The method comprises receiving an access right on a first terminal through a first communication channel; storing said access right in said first terminal; sending a request for said conditional access content to a content provider, said request containing at least an identifier of an account to which said first terminal is associated, an identifier of the requested content and a piece of information concerning said access right; verifying, by said content provider, the authenticity of said access right using said piece of information concerning the access right; and when there has been a successful verification, marking said access right as used, and sending said conditional access content to at least one terminal linked to said account. The first terminal using near field communication technology (NFC) during at least one transfer of said access rights.

The present disclosure aims to make it possible to simultaneously establish communication between many freely-selected radio terminals without using a complex relay network or a plurality of radio relays. The present disclosure is a communication network system including: a plurality of optical-radio converters 521-1 to 521-n that convert a radio signal and an optical fiber radio signal into each other; and a path controller that is connected to the plurality of optical-radio converters 521-1 to 521-n through optical fiber transmission lines 531-1 to 531-n, receives input of an optical fiber radio signal transmitted from any optical-radio converter of the plurality of optical-radio converters 521-1 to 521-n from the optical fiber transmission line connected to the optical-radio converter, and outputs the optical fiber radio signal to the optical fiber transmission line connected to a set optical-radio converter of the plurality of optical-radio converters 521-1 to 521-n.