Examples include a method for providing multi-site orchestration in a public network for factory automation. The public network provides communication and computing functionality to a plurality of sites which are configured to communicate with each other by means of slice of the public network. The method includes building a multi-site orchestration model based on initial performance of communication between different sites; determining choreography opportunities between the different sites by using the multi-site orchestration model; triggering choreography between the different sites; and evaluating performance of the choreography between the different sites and updating the multi-site orchestration model.

Examples include a method for providing multi-site orchestration in a public network for factory automation. The public network provides communication and computing functionality to a plurality of sites which are configured to communicate with each other by means of slice of the public network. The method includes building a multi-site orchestration model based on initial performance of communication between different sites; determining choreography opportunities between the different sites by using the multi-site orchestration model; triggering choreography between the different sites; and evaluating performance of the choreography between the different sites and updating the multi-site orchestration model.

Some embodiments provide a method for a network controller that manages multiple managed forwarding elements (MFEs) that implement multiple logical networks. The method stores (i) a first data structure including an entry for each logical entity in a desired state of the multiple logical networks and (ii) a second data structure including an entry for each logical entity referred to by an update for at least one MFE. Upon receiving updates specifying modifications to the logical entities, the method adds separate updates to separate queues for the MFEs that require the update. The separate updates reference the logical entity entries in the second data structure. When the second data structure reaches a threshold size in comparison to the first data structure, the method compacts the updates in at least one of the queues so that each queue has no more than one update referencing a particular logical entity entry.

A software defined network (SDN) system, controller, and controlling method, where the SDN system includes at least one N.sup.th level controller and at least two (N+1).sup.th level controllers belonging to the N.sup.th level controller, where the (N+1).sup.th level controller is configured to receive a first message sent by a node belonging to the (N+1).sup.th level controller, and when the first message is a cross-domain message according to status information of each node that is managed by the (N+1).sup.th level controller, forward the first message to the N.sup.th level controller to which the (N+1).sup.th level controller belongs, and the N.sup.th level controller receives the first message, and perform decision processing according to status information of the (N+1).sup.th level controller that is managed by and belongs to the N.sup.th level controller and status information of boundary nodes of the (N+1).sup.th level controller belonging to the N.sup.th level controller.

A data transmission method includes receiving a service request sent by a terminal device. The method also includes determining, based on the service request, a target transmission path of service data corresponding to the service request and a change policy corresponding to the target transmission path. The method further includes changing, according to the change policy, a current content delivery network (CDN) to a target CDN. The target CDN includes a plurality of serving nodes corresponding to the target transmission path. The method additionally includes sending an indication message to a first serving node in the target CDN to indicate the first serving node to send the service data to the terminal device through the target transmission path; or sending an indication message to a second serving node in the target CDN to indicate the second serving node to send the service data to the terminal device.

An example operation may include a system, comprising one or more of receiving a virtual network function component instance (VNFCI) status notification resumption message with an active state when a peer VNFCI operational state is active, retrieving a timestamp of a VNFCI state change to an active state from an element VNFCI state database, retrieving a timestamp of a peer VNFCI state change to active from an element VNFCI state database, sending one or more of: a request to a virtual network function manager (VNFM) to determine if the VNFCI network is isolating while an operating state was active, and a request to the VNFM to determine if the peer VNFCI network is isolating while an operating state was active, sending a state change request with standby state to the peer VNFCI when the VNFCI is not network isolated and the peer VNFCI is network isolated, and a VNFM response is received regarding the VNFCI, a timeout response from the VNFM, and a VNFM response is received regarding the peer VNFCI, and sending a state change request with standby to the VNFCI with one or more of: the VNFCI network isolate and peer VNFCI is not network isolated, and the VNFCI is network isolated or the peer VNFCI is not network isolated, and the VNFCI is not network isolated and the peer VNFCI is network isolated and the VNFCI is in preferred standby.

Techniques for utilizing a Software-Defined-Networking (SDN) controller and/or a Data Center Network Manager (DCNM) and network border gateway switches associated with a multi-site cloud computing network to provide reachability data indicating physical links between the border gateways disposed in different sites of the multi-site network to establish secure connection tunnels utilizing the physical links and unique encryption keys. The SDN controller and/or DCNM may be configured to generate a physical underlay model representing the physical underlay, or network transport capabilities, and/or a logical overlay model representing a logical overlay, or overlay control-plane, of the multi-site network. The SDN controller may also generate an encryption key model representing the associations between the encryption keys and the physical links between the associated network border gateway switches. The SDN controller may utilize the models to determine route paths for transmitting network traffic spanning over different sites of the multi-site network at line speed.

A method, a device, and a non-transitory storage medium are described in which an application management service is provided. The service may provide a coordination between network or platform level application management functions and application level application management functions that enables the management of an application service. The network or platform level application management functions may include autoscaling, load balancing, and ingress resource management. The application level application management functions may include throttling and circuit breaker functions.

Embodiments herein disclose for example a method performed by a controlling network node for handling one or more virtual network functions (VNF) in a communication network. The controlling network node initiates a setup of virtual resources for a VNF, wherein an aggregating connection point (CP), indicates a set of CPs to be connected to a same external virtual link. The controlling network node transmits configuration data to a managing function wherein the configuration data comprises an indication.

A method, a device, and a non-transitory storage medium are described in which an application management service is provided. The service may provide a coordination between network or platform level application management functions and application level application management functions that enables the management of an application service. The network or platform level application management functions may include autoscaling, load balancing, and ingress resource management. The application level application management functions may include throttling and circuit breaker functions.