A method of encoding a three-dimensional point cloud. The method comprising: obtaining a set of points within the three-dimensional point cloud, a point within the set of points having a co-ordinate in three-dimensions; converting the points into a two-dimensional representation, wherein, for a point within the set of points, information describing the co-ordinate is represented as a location within the two-dimensional representation and a value at the location; and encoding the two-dimensional representation using a tier-based hierarchical coding format to output encoded data, wherein the tier-based hierarchical coding format encodes the two-dimensional representation as a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers representing echelons of data used to progressively reconstruct the signal at different levels of quality.

Scalable video coding is rendered more efficient by deriving/selecting a subblock subdivision to be used for enhancement layer prediction, among a set of possible subblock subdivisions of an enhancement layer block by evaluating the spatial variation of the base layer coding parameters over the base layer signal. By this measure, less of the signalization overhead has to be spent on signaling this subblock subdivision within the enhancement layer data stream, if any. The subblock subdivision thus selected may be used in predictively coding/decoding the enhancement layer signal.

Scalable video coding is rendered more efficient by deriving/selecting a subblock subdivision to be used for enhancement layer prediction, among a set of possible subblock subdivisions of an enhancement layer block by evaluating the spatial variation of the base layer coding parameters over the base layer signal. By this measure, less of the signalization overhead has to be spent on signaling this subblock subdivision within the enhancement layer data stream, if any. The subblock subdivision thus selected may be used in predictively coding/decoding the enhancement layer signal.

A Scalable Video Coding (SVC) process is provided for scalable video coding that takes into account color gamut primaries along with spatial resolution. The process provides for re-sampling using video color data obtained from an encoder or decoder process of a base layer (BL) in a multi-layer system to enable improved encoding and decoding in an enhancement layer (EL) or higher layers taking into account color conversion between layers. Examples of applicable SVC include MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). With the SVC process, video data expressed in one color gamut space can be used for prediction in encoding with a possibly different color space, and accommodation for different spatial resolution and bit-depth can be made as well.

A Scalable Video Coding (SVC) process is provided for scalable video coding that takes into account color gamut primaries along with spatial resolution. The process provides for re-sampling using video color data obtained from an encoder or decoder process of a base layer (BL) in a multi-layer system to enable improved encoding and decoding in an enhancement layer (EL) or higher layers taking into account color conversion between layers. Examples of applicable SVC include MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). With the SVC process, video data expressed in one color gamut space can be used for prediction in encoding with a possibly different color space, and accommodation for different spatial resolution and bit-depth can be made as well.

A Scalable Video Coding (SVC) process is provided for scalable video coding that takes into account color gamut primaries along with spatial resolution. The process provides for re-sampling using video color data obtained from an encoder or decoder process of a base layer (BL) in a multi-layer system to enable improved encoding and decoding in an enhancement layer (EL) or higher layers taking into account color conversion between layers. Examples of applicable SVC include MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). With the SVC process, video data expressed in one color gamut space can be used for prediction in encoding with a possibly different color space, and accommodation for different spatial resolution and bit-depth can be made as well.

A Scalable Video Coding (SVC) process is provided for scalable video coding that takes into account color gamut primaries along with spatial resolution. The process provides for re-sampling using video color data obtained from an encoder or decoder process of a base layer (BL) in a multi-layer system to enable improved encoding and decoding in an enhancement layer (EL) or higher layers taking into account color conversion between layers. Examples of applicable SVC include MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). With the SVC process, video data expressed in one color gamut space can be used for prediction in encoding with a possibly different color space, and accommodation for different spatial resolution and bit-depth can be made as well.

A method for decoding a coded data stream representing an image. The method includes for a current block: reading from the stream a block size threshold value; determining whether the current block size is less than or equal to the threshold value; if so, decoding information indicating a first or second coding mode and reconstructing the current block according to the indicated mode, and if not, reconstructing the current block according to the first mode. In the first mode the current block is reconstructed using an inverse transform of a transformed prediction residue decoded for the current block, and in the second mode the current block is not reconstructed using such an inverse transform, but by: scanning each pixel of the block, including: obtaining a prediction of the pixel from another previously decoded pixel, and reconstructing the pixel from the prediction and a decoded prediction residue.

Certain examples described herein relate to methods for encoding and decoding signals. Certain examples relate to the control of signal processing operations that are performed at a decoder. These may comprise optional signal processing operations to provide an enhanced output signal. For video signals, the enhanced output signal may comprise a so-called “super-resolution” signal, e.g. a signal with improved detail resolution as compared to a reference signal. Certain examples described herein provide signalling for enhancement operations, e.g. so-called super-resolution modes, within user data of one or more tier-based hierarchical encoding and decoding schemes. The user data may be embedded within values of an enhancement stream, e.g. replace one or more values for a predefined set of transformed coefficients, and/or within supplementary enhancement information messages. The user data may have a defined syntax including header and payload portions. The syntax may differ for different frames of data, e.g. for a video encoding, instantaneous decoding refresh picture frames may carry different information from non-instantaneous decoding refresh picture

There is provided an image processing apparatus which includes a division unit dividing an image into a plurality of images in a bit depth direction, and an encoding unit encoding respectively some or all of the plurality of images acquired by dividing the image in the bit depth direction by the division unit.