A routing device for forwarding data packets in a data network is described. The routing device establishes a communicative connection with multiple other such routing devices that implement the same functions. A data network includes multiple routing devices as described herein. In that data network, each routing device implements and applies a proactive approach with routing tables in a stable part of the data network, and a reactive approach in an unstable part of the data network. When a packet is transmitted from a stable part of the data network to an unstable part of the data network (or vice versa), the forwarding approach is changed along the path of the packet. Thus, the routing device and the data network mitigate the effect of overhead of proactive routing approaches and the latency of reactive routing approaches.

The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatuses. According to some embodiments of the disclosure, a method comprises: receiving a broadcasting message from a base station, wherein the broadcasting message indicates that the base station supports relaying function.

The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatuses. According to some embodiments of the disclosure, a method comprises: receiving a broadcasting message from a base station, wherein the broadcasting message indicates that the base station supports relaying function.

A network controller is configured to cause a network to implement a primary network configuration of a network and a secondary network configuration as a backup to the primary network configuration. The network controller may be configured to receive information from a plurality of nodes of a network and information related to the client data to be transmitted through the network. Based on the node information, the network controller is configured to determine available nodes and possible links in the network and then determine a topology of the network. The primary network configuration is determined based on the topology. The network controller then sends instructions to the plurality of nodes of the network to implement the primary network configuration and to switch to a secondary network configuration where a failure of the primary network configuration occurs, wherein the secondary network configuration implements mobile ad-hoc networking in the determined topology.

Methods, devices and systems that use a control channel to coordinate quality of data communications in software-defined heterogenous multi-hop ad hoc networks are described. In some embodiments, an example apparatus for wireless communication in a network includes performing, using a control plane, network management functions over a control channel that has a first bandwidth, implements a frequency-hopping operation, and operates at in a first frequency band, and performing, using a data plane that is physically and logically decoupled from the control plane, data forwarding functions, based on a routing decision, over at least one data channel that has a second bandwidth and operates in a second frequency band different from the first frequency band.

Methods, devices and systems that use a control channel to coordinate quality of data communications in software-defined heterogenous multi-hop ad hoc networks are described. In some embodiments, an example apparatus for wireless communication in a network includes performing, using a control plane, network management functions over a control channel that has a first bandwidth, implements a frequency-hopping operation, and operates at in a first frequency band, and performing, using a data plane that is physically and logically decoupled from the control plane, data forwarding functions, based on a routing decision, over at least one data channel that has a second bandwidth and operates in a second frequency band different from the first frequency band.

A combined User Plane (UP) node optimizes the UP data stream handling for 4G/5G network operation as follows. The combined UP node, which includes an access data plane node, an intermediate data plane node, an anchor data plane node, and a session handling process module. If the IP addresses or the namespaces of the access data plane node, the intermediate data plane node, and the anchor data plane node are different, then the downlink and uplink packet stream handling utilizes an intermediate interface path within the combined UP node. If the IP addresses or the namespaces of the access data plane node, the intermediate data plane node, and the anchor data plane node are same, then the downlink and uplink packet stream handling does not utilize an intermediate interface path within the combined UP node, but TEID of the unutilized intermediate interface path is used in PFCP response message.

A combined User Plane (UP) node optimizes the UP data stream handling for 4G/5G network operation as follows. The combined UP node, which includes an access data plane node, an intermediate data plane node, an anchor data plane node, and a session handling process module. If the IP addresses or the namespaces of the access data plane node, the intermediate data plane node, and the anchor data plane node are different, then the downlink and uplink packet stream handling utilizes an intermediate interface path within the combined UP node. If the IP addresses or the namespaces of the access data plane node, the intermediate data plane node, and the anchor data plane node are same, then the downlink and uplink packet stream handling does not utilize an intermediate interface path within the combined UP node, but TEID of the unutilized intermediate interface path is used in PFCP response message.

A method for operating a first communication node in a wireless communication network includes steps of: receiving a first frame according to a first communication protocol from a second communication node; determining whether hop count information is included in the first frame; when the hop count information is not included in the first frame, generating and transmitting a second frame according to the first communication protocol, the second frame including hop count information set to an initial value; and setting an operating state of the first communication node to a first state in which the first communication node operates according to the first communication protocol.

Methods, devices and systems that use a control channel to coordinate quality of data communications in software-defined heterogenous multi-hop ad hoc networks are described. In some embodiments, an example apparatus for wireless communication in a network includes performing, using a control plane, network management functions over a control channel that has a first bandwidth, implements a frequency-hopping operation, and operates at in a first frequency band, and performing, using a data plane that is physically and logically decoupled from the control plane, data forwarding functions, based on a routing decision, over at least one data channel that has a second bandwidth and operates in a second frequency band different from the first frequency band.