The invention relates to a heating system (200) for heating of a fluid. The heating system comprises a supply connection (201) in fluid communication with a supply of fluid to be heated. It further comprises a structured body (108) arranged for heating of the fluid during use of the heating system. The structured body comprises a macroscopic structure (21) of electrically conductive material, the macroscopic structure comprising at least one channel (22) through which the fluid can flow. The heating system further comprises at least two conductors (103,114) configured to electrically connect the structured body to at least one electrical power supply. The at least two conductors are electrically connected to the structured body at a first end (204) and at a second end (205), respectively, of a conductive path within the structured body. The structured body is configured to direct an electrical current to run along the conductive path from the first end to the second end thereof. The electrical power supply is configured to heat at least part of said structured body to a temperature of below 400° C. by passing an electrical current through said structured body during use of the heating system.

A thin-film heater according to one or more embodiments may include an insulated substrate and metal wiring patterned thereon to extend between both terminals of the metal wiring. The metal wiring has a resistance of 10Ω or less between the terminals. The metal wiring includes a heat-generating layer made of a material that recrystallizes at a temperature of 200° C. or lower.

A thin-film heater according to one or more embodiments may include an insulated substrate and metal wiring patterned thereon to extend between both terminals of the metal wiring. The metal wiring has a resistance of 10Ω or less between the terminals. The metal wiring includes a heat-generating layer made of a material that recrystallizes at a temperature of 200° C. or lower.

An efficient reinforced heating assembly, including a reinforcing frame, a liquid conducting member and at least two heating members. The reinforcing frame is provided with a vent opening for air to pass therethrough. The at least two heating members are disposed on the reinforcing frame, disposed in the vent opening or covered on the vent opening, to be in contact with the air. The liquid conducting member is disposed on a side of the heating member and in contact with the heating member, so that the liquid conducting member is able to conduct an external liquid to the heating member for heating and atomizing to generate an aerosol, which is output via the vent opening. An atomizing device is further provided, including a shell and the efficient reinforced heating assembly disposed in the shell. The reinforcing frame supports the heating member to improve the strength of the heating member.

An infrared heating apparatus includes a sheet of ceramic glass having a passband in the infrared spectrum, a metal resistive element having a first portion that is covered by a ceramic refractory material and a second portion that is exposed by the ceramic refractory material, and a controller that controls the metal resistive element to emit infrared radiation in a wavelength corresponding to the passband of the ceramic glass.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a heating rod comprises: a first thermal diffusion plate; a ceramic substrate arranged on the first thermal diffusion plate and having a heating element arranged therein; and a second thermal diffusion plate arranged on the ceramic substrate, wherein the first thermal diffusion plate and the second thermal diffusion plate are respectively stacked in a plurality of layers. Since the first thermal diffusion plate and the second thermal diffusion plate are stacked in the plurality of layers, a heating rod having a high thermal efficiency and being capable of fast heating and a vehicular heating device including the same can be obtained.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a heating rod comprises: a first thermal diffusion plate; a ceramic substrate arranged on the first thermal diffusion plate and having a heating element arranged therein; and a second thermal diffusion plate arranged on the ceramic substrate, wherein the first thermal diffusion plate and the second thermal diffusion plate are respectively stacked in a plurality of layers. Since the first thermal diffusion plate and the second thermal diffusion plate are stacked in the plurality of layers, a heating rod having a high thermal efficiency and being capable of fast heating and a vehicular heating device including the same can be obtained.

The present disclosure relates to a structural coating and preparation method and use thereof. The structural coating provided in the present disclosure includes a titanium transition layer and platinum-hafnium composite structure layers laminated in sequence on a surface of a substrate; the number of the platinum-hafnium composite structure layer is ≥3; the platinum-hafnium composite structure layer includes a hafnium layer and a platinum layer laminated in sequence.

The present disclosure relates to a structural coating and preparation method and use thereof. The structural coating provided in the present disclosure includes a titanium transition layer and platinum-hafnium composite structure layers laminated in sequence on a surface of a substrate; the number of the platinum-hafnium composite structure layer is ≥3; the platinum-hafnium composite structure layer includes a hafnium layer and a platinum layer laminated in sequence.

A heating element comprises a main body having a three-dimensional matrix with an open structure including openings and internal voids, cavities and/or pores extending throughout the main body. The three-dimensional matrix is provided as a lattice having a repeating unit cell extending in three directions. The present heating element is adapted for maximised surface area so as to provide an effective and efficient thermal energy transfer medium.