A double-sidedly self-adhesive planar element which is intrinsically heatable in a self-regulating way and at the same time has a particularly high flexibility. The planar element has a layer sequence of a posistor heating layer, a contacting layer and an adhesive layer, the contacting layer being a two-dimensional perforate contacting element which within the planar element is therefore present as a contacting element which has not been applied to a backing. Also disclosed is an adhesively bonded assembly of a bonding substrate and a planar element of the aforesaid kind, a method of producing a planar element of the aforesaid kind, and a method of using a planar element of the aforesaid kind for heating an adhesively bonded assembly.

Aimed at achieving reliable joining between a heat element and an electrode, and high flexibility, provided as a solution is a sheet-like heater having an electrode area in which the electrode, a joining aid, and a porous heat element are stacked in this order, and the electrode area has at least one joined part in which the electrode, the joining aid and the porous heat element are joined.

A cover portion (300) includes a transmission portion (310) and a heater portion (320). At least a portion of the heater portion (320) is disposed on a lower side (negative side of a sixth direction (V)) of the transmission portion (310) and on one of opposite lateral sides (positive side of a fifth direction (L)) of the transmission portion (310). An amount of heat generated per unit length of the heater portion (320) in a direction along an outer periphery of the transmission portion (310) on the lower side (negative side of the sixth direction (V)) of the transmission portion (310) is higher than an amount of heat generated per unit length of the heater portion (320) in a direction along the outer periphery of the transmission portion (310) on the one of the opposite lateral sides (positive side of the fifth direction (L)) of the transmission portion (310).

An ohmic heater for the heating of a conductive fluid is comprised of a number of selectable electrodes, arrayed in such a way as to form a single pass-through from inlet to outlet. A series of flow conduits are provided to direct the flow across the faces of adjacent electrodes. The flow conduits are further configured such that the flow path makes multiple passes across the same adjacent set of electrode faces.

A sensor device includes an optical device that emits an electromagnetic wave, a housing that accommodates the optical device, a transmission portion provided in the housing to transmit the electromagnetic wave of the optical device, a length of the transmission portion in a first direction being shorter than a length of the transmission portion in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and the transmission portion having a quadrilateral shape with a notch, first heater portions that extend at least in the second direction, the first heater portions being located, in regions surrounding the transmission portion, at both ends of the transmission portion in the first direction, and a thermistor portion disposed in a notched area of the quadrilateral shape. One of the first heater portions is disconnected on one of both sides in the second direction, the thermistor portion being not located on the one of both sides.

A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater apparatus is provided. The PTC heater apparatus includes a PTC heater, a resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensor mounted to the PTC heater and a controller logic unit electrically connected to the RTD sensor to receive readings of the RTD sensor, which, when the PTC heater is powered on, indicate whether the PTC heater is faulty.