Disclosed is a plasma generator. The plasma generator may include a gripping portion including at least one interface unit configured to receive an input from a user; a head portion including a plasma generating portion configured to generate the plasma; a first cartridge configured to detachably couple at a first end of the head portion and generate the plasma over a predetermined region; and a light irradiation portion provided at a second end of the head portion.

Disclosed is a plasma generator. The plasma generator may include a gripping portion including at least one interface unit configured to receive an input from a user; a head portion including a plasma generating portion configured to generate the plasma; a first cartridge configured to detachably couple at a first end of the head portion and generate the plasma over a predetermined region; and a light irradiation portion provided at a second end of the head portion.

Disclosed is a plasma generator. The plasma generator may include a gripping portion including at least one interface unit configured to receive an input from a user; a head portion including a plasma generating portion configured to generate the plasma; a first cartridge configured to detachably couple at a first end of the head portion and generate the plasma over a predetermined region; and a light irradiation portion provided at a second end of the head portion.

Disclosed is a plasma generator. The plasma generator may include a gripping portion including at least one interface unit configured to receive an input from a user; a head portion including a plasma generating portion configured to generate the plasma; a first cartridge configured to detachably couple at a first end of the head portion and generate the plasma over a predetermined region; and a light irradiation portion provided at a second end of the head portion.

A plasma-generation system is provided that includes a variable-frequency microwave generator configured to generate microwave power and a plasma applicator configured to use the microwave power from the microwave generator to (i) ignite a process gas therein for initiating a plasma in a plasma ignition process and (ii) maintain the plasma in a steady state process. The system also includes a coarse tuner connected between the microwave generator and the plasma applicator. At least one physical parameter of the coarse tuner is adapted to be set to achieve coarse impedance matching between the microwave generator and the plasma generated during both the plasma ignition process and the steady state process. A load impedance of the plasma generated during the plasma ignition process and the steady state process is adapted to vary. The microwave generator is configured to tune an operating frequency at the set physical parameter of the coarse tuner.

A plasma-generation system is provided that includes a variable-frequency microwave generator configured to generate microwave power and a plasma applicator configured to use the microwave power from the microwave generator to (i) ignite a process gas therein for initiating a plasma in a plasma ignition process and (ii) maintain the plasma in a steady state process. The system also includes a coarse tuner connected between the microwave generator and the plasma applicator. At least one physical parameter of the coarse tuner is adapted to be set to achieve coarse impedance matching between the microwave generator and the plasma generated during both the plasma ignition process and the steady state process. A load impedance of the plasma generated during the plasma ignition process and the steady state process is adapted to vary. The microwave generator is configured to tune an operating frequency at the set physical parameter of the coarse tuner.

A demountable plasma torch assembly suitable for use in ICP spectrometry comprises a first tube having an inner diameter and a second tube disposed concentrically within the first tube, wherein the second tube has an outer diameter that is less than the inner diameter of the first tube. The first and second tubes are supported by a torch body. The torch body includes a first bore configured to receive an end of the first tube, a second bore configured to receive an end of the second tube, and a manifold disposed between the first bore and the second bore to receive a gas for injection between the first tube and the second tube. The manifold has an outer diameter at least substantially equal to the inner diameter of the first tube and an inner diameter at least substantially equal to the outer diameter of the second tube.

Apparatuses and methods for producing covetic materials by exciting a hydrocarbon gas with pulse microwaves to form hydrocarbon radicals in a hot first region of a microwave reactor. Graphene nanoplatelets are formed by the nucleation, growth, and assembly of the hydrocarbon radicals, and contact a metal melt introduced downstream of the hot region to produce a mixture of molten metal and graphene nanoplatelets which assemble in-flight to form covetic materials.

A consumable assembly for a plasma arc torch is provided, the consumable assembly including an electrode provided within an interior of a nozzle. The electrode may include a sidewall having one or more fluid passageways formed therethrough, an end wall extending from a distal end of the sidewall, and a central cavity defined by an inner surface of the sidewall and the end wall, the central cavity extending between distal and proximal ends of the electrode. The electrode may further include a heat removal element extending into the central cavity from the inner surface of the sidewall. In one embodiment, the consumable assembly includes a current and gas conduit at the proximal end of the electrode, the current and gas conduit including an interior bore radially aligned with the electrode for collectively delivering a plasma gas, a shield gas, and a vent gas into the central cavity of the electrode.

A reactive gas application apparatus including an instrument (10) which includes: a plasma generating unit (12); and an outlet (1a) for blowing out a reactive gas activated by plasma, the plasma generating unit (12) including: a tubular dielectric (3) to which a plasma generation gas is introduced; an inner electrode (4) provided inside the tubular dielectric (3), and extending in a tube axis direction (O1) of the tubular dielectric (3); and an outer electrode (5) provided outside the tubular dielectric (3) and faces the inner electrode (4) through the tubular dielectric, wherein the inner electrode (4) has a shaft portion extending in the tube axis direction and a spiral ridge formed on an outer peripheral surface of the shaft portion.