A method for preparing a mesoscopic solar cell based on perovskite light absorption materials, the method including 1) preparing a hole blocking layer on a conductive substrate; 2) preparing and sintering a mesoporous nanocrystalline layer, an insulation separating layer, and a hole collecting layer on the hole blocking layer in order; and 3) drop-coating a precursor solution on the hole collecting layer, and allowing the precursor solution to penetrate pores of the mesoporous nanocrystalline layer via the hole collecting layer from top to bottom, and drying a resulting product to obtain a mesoscopic solar cell.

The present disclosure provides a photovoltaic device and a method for forming the photovoltaic device. The photovoltaic device comprises a first solar cell structure having a photon absorbing layer comprising an organic material having a first bandgap; and a second solar cell structure having a photon absorbing layer comprising a material that has a Perovskite structure and having a second bandgap. The first and second solar cell structures are positioned at least partially onto each other.

An object of the present invention is to provide a solar cell that is excellent in photoelectric conversion efficiency, suffers little degradation during encapsulation (initial degradation), and has high-temperature durability. The present invention provides a solar cell including: a laminate having an electrode, a counter electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode; and an encapsulation resin layer covering the counter electrode to encapsulate the laminate, the photoelectric conversion layer including an organic-inorganic perovskite compound represented by the formula: R-M-X.sub.3, R representing an organic molecule, M representing a metal atom, X representing a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom, the encapsulation resin layer including a resin having a solubility parameter, i.e., a SP value, of 10 or less.

A highly efficient multi junction photovoltaic device, such as a two, three, or four junction device, is disclosed. The multi-junction device may include a first subcell comprising a first photoactive region and a second subcell comprising a second photoactive region. The first and second photoactive regions are designed to minimize spectral overlap and maximize photocurrent across a broad absorption spectra, such as wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 900 nm. The device may further include an inter-connecting layer, disposed between the first subcell and the second subcell, that is at least substantially transparent. By introducing a transparent interconnecting layer, a dual element (tandem) cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 10.0±0.5%. By adding an additional (3.sup.rd) sub-cell that absorbs at the second order optical interference maximum within the stack. The triple junction cell significantly improves the quantum efficiency at shorter wavelengths, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 11.1±0.5%. Adding additional sub-cells has been shown to increase power conversion efficiency above 12%.

A method of laser-depositing at least one type of organic material, characterized in that a duty ratio of a laser that evaporates the organic material is adjusted, which addresses the problem of providing an organic material deposition method and deposition apparatus that solve the issues in the conventional art, such as the organic material vaporizing and contaminating the other raw materials to be deposited, and the film formation rate running out of control, and whereby the film formation rate and the evaporation rate can be stably adjusted and controlled. Additionally, the invention is characterized in that the duty ratio is adjusted based on the evaporation rate of the organic substance or the vapor pressure inside the vacuum chamber used for deposition.

Disclosed is a method for preparing the light absorption layer of a perovskite solar cell using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The method for preparing the light absorption layer of a perovskite solar cell using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method includes forming a PbI.sub.x thin film on a substrate by means of chemical vapor deposition; supplying methylamine and an iodine (I) precursor on the PbI.sub.x (1≤x≤2) thin film and forming a CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.3 thin film having a perovskite structure through heat treatment.

A solar cell according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a first electron transport layer located between the first electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, in which at least one selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode is translucent, the photoelectric conversion layer contains a perovskite compound composed of a monovalent cation, a Sn cation, and a halogen anion, and the first electron transport layer contains a niobium oxide halide.

A solid-state imaging device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoelectric conversion film that is formed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an organic semiconductor and an inorganic material.

A perovskite material including an organic-inorganic perovskite structure of formula (I), A.sub.nMX.sub.3 (I), n being the number of cation A and an integer >4, A being a monovalent cation selected from inorganic cations Ai and/or from organic cations Ao, M being a divalent metal cation or a combination thereof, X being a halide and/or pseudohalide anion or a combination thereof, wherein at least one cation A is selected from organic cations Ao, the inorganic cations Ai are independently selected from Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Rb.sup.+, Cs.sup.+, or Tl.sup.+ and the organic cations Ao are independently selected from ammonium (NH.sub.4.sup.+), methyl ammonium (MA) (CH.sub.3NH.sub.3.sup.+), ethyl ammonium (CH.sub.3CH.sub.2NH.sub.3).sup.+, formamidinium (FA) (CH(NH.sub.2).sub.2.sup.+), methylformamidinium (CH.sub.3C(NH.sub.2).sub.2.sup.+), guanidium (C((NH).sub.2).sub.3.sup.+), tetramethylammonium ((CH.sub.3).sub.4N.sup.+), dimethylammonium ((CH.sub.3).sub.2NH.sub.2.sup.+) or trimethylammonium ((CH.sub.3).sub.3NH.sup.+).

The invention provides reversible bio sensitized photoelectric conversion and H.sub.2 to electricity conversion devices which use one or more of a proton pumping photoactive biological layers to generate a proton gradient that is harnessed to produce electrical energy. It is also provided a photoelectric conversion element that incorporates the device of the present invention.