A method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element according to an aspect includes an active layer forming step of forming an active layer having a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 1. The active layer forming step includes: a first layer forming step of forming a first layer by applying polyamic acid serving as a precursor; a first heating step of heating the first layer at 120° C. for 20 minutes to 60 minutes; and a second heating step of heating the first layer at 230° C. to 280° C. for 10 minutes.

A method of manufacturing of an ink (100) composition comprises a biphasic ligand exchange process. A first phase liquid (10) comprising a nonpolar solvent (11) with a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles (1) that are capped with a shell of non polar ligands (2) is contacted with a second phase liquid (20) comprising a polar solvent (21) with second ligand (3). The second ligand comprises at least one surface binding head group that has an affinity for binding to the nanoparticle; and an ionically charged tail group. The second ligands displace the first ligands to form a dispersion of the nanoparticles that are capped with a shell of the second ligands in the second phase liquid. The nanoparticles can be separated from the second phase liquid. The separated nanoparticles can be (re)dispersed in a printable liquid medium, e.g. used for printing a photoactive layer.

A method of manufacturing of an ink (100) composition comprises a biphasic ligand exchange process. A first phase liquid (10) comprising a nonpolar solvent (11) with a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles (1) that are capped with a shell of non polar ligands (2) is contacted with a second phase liquid (20) comprising a polar solvent (21) with second ligand (3). The second ligand comprises at least one surface binding head group that has an affinity for binding to the nanoparticle; and an ionically charged tail group. The second ligands displace the first ligands to form a dispersion of the nanoparticles that are capped with a shell of the second ligands in the second phase liquid. The nanoparticles can be separated from the second phase liquid. The separated nanoparticles can be (re)dispersed in a printable liquid medium, e.g. used for printing a photoactive layer.

An organic light emitting diode comprises a hole transport layer, an emissive layer, and an electron transport layer. The hole transport layer and optionally the electron transport layer is made of a material having a refractive index having a specific anisotropy.

An optoelectronic device such as a photovoltaic device which has at least one layer, such as an electron transport layer, which comprises a plurality of alternating, oppositely charged layers including metal oxide layers. The metal oxide can be zinc oxide. The plurality of layers can be prepared by layer-by-layer processing in which alternating layers are built up step-by-step due to electrostatic attraction. The efficiency of the device can be increased by this processing method compared to a comparable method like sputtering. The number of layers can be controlled to improve device efficiency. Aqueous solutions can be used which is environmentally friendly. Annealing can be avoided. A quantum dot layer can be used next to the metal oxide layer to form a quantum dot heterojunction solar device.

A solar panel includes a substrate and a photoactive material. The photoactive material includes an ion and a counterion. An absolute magnitude of a binding energy between the ion and the counterion is less than or equal to about 6.5. A majority of available hydrogen sites on the counterion may be halogenated. A water contact angle of the photoactive material may be greater than or equal to about 65°. The solar panel may be a photovoltaic or a luminescent solar concentrator.

A solar panel includes a substrate and a photoactive material. The photoactive material includes an ion and a counterion. An absolute magnitude of a binding energy between the ion and the counterion is less than or equal to about 6.5. A majority of available hydrogen sites on the counterion may be halogenated. A water contact angle of the photoactive material may be greater than or equal to about 65°. The solar panel may be a photovoltaic or a luminescent solar concentrator.

A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode layer. The first electrode layer includes a first base member, and a rough layer formed on the first base member. The photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the rough layer, and the second electrode layer is formed above the photoelectric conversion layer. The rough layer includes a plurality of metal fine particles irregularly connected together and to a surface of the first base member, and the photoelectric conversion layer infiltrates among the plurality of metal fine particles constituting the rough layer.

There is provided a photovoltaic device that comprises a front electrode, a back electrode, and disposed between the front electrode and the back electrode, an electron transporter region comprising an electron transporter layer; a hole transporter region comprising a hole transporter layer, and a layer of perovskite semiconductor disposed between and in contact with the electron transporter layer and the hole transporter layer. The electron transporter region is nearest to the front electrode and the hole transporter region is nearest to the back electrode, and the electron transporter layer comprises any of a chalcogenide material and an organic material and has a thickness of at least 2 nm.

A solar generator can include a photon-enhanced thermionic emission generator with a cathode to receive solar radiation. The photon-enhanced thermionic emission generator can include an anode that in conjunction with the cathode generates a first current and waste heat from the solar radiation. A thermoelectric generator can be thermally coupled to the anode and can convert the waste heat from the anode into a second current. A circuit can connect to the photon-enhanced thermionic emission generator and to the thermoelectric generator and can combine the first and the second currents into an output current.