A photovoltaic device (10) comprising a photoactive body between two electrodes (contact 1, contact 2). The body comprises semiconductor particles (24) embedded in a semiconductor matrix (22). The particles and matrix are electronically or optically coupled so that charge carriers generated in the particles are transferred directly or indirectly to the matrix. The matrix transports positive charge carriers to one of the electrodes and negative charge carriers to the other electrode. The particles are configured so that they do not form a charge carrier transport network to either of the electrodes and so perform the function of charge carrier generation but not charge carrier transport.

A method for preparing photoactive perovskite materials. The method comprises the step of preparing a germanium halide precursor ink. Preparing a germanium halide precursor ink comprises the steps of: introducing a germanium halide into a vessel, introducing a first solvent to the vessel, and contacting the germanium halide with the first solvent to dissolve the germanium halide. The method further comprises depositing the germanium halide precursor ink onto a substrate, drying the germanium halide precursor ink to form a thin film, annealing the thin film, and rinsing the thin film with a second solvent and a salt.

The invention relates to novel organic semiconducting compounds containing a polycyclic unit, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to compositions, polymer blends and formulations containing them, to the use of the compounds, compositions and polymer blends as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, perovskite-based solar cell (PSC) devices, organic photodetectors (OPD), organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic light emitting diodes (OLED), and to OE, OPV, PSC, OPD, OFET and OLED devices comprising these compounds, compositions or polymer blends.

Disclosed is a preparation method for crosslinked nanoparticle film. The preparation method comprises: dispersing nanoparticles in a solvent and uniformly mixing same, so as to obtain a nanoparticle solution; and using the nanoparticle solution to prepare a nanoparticle thin film by means of a solution method, and introducing a gas combination to promote a crosslinking reaction, so as to obtain a crosslinked nanoparticle thin film. By introducing a gas combination during film formation of nanoparticles, the present disclosure promotes the crosslinking among particles, and thus increases the electrical coupling among particles, lowers the potential barrier of carrier transmission, and increases the carrier mobility, thereby greatly improving the electrical properties of the thin film.

Example embodiments generally relate to a detector for electromagnetic radiation such as a detector comprising a first, pixelated electrode layer comprising a plurality of electrode pixels, a first layer comprising a plurality of tiles comprising a material configured to absorb and convert the electromagnetic radiation, and a second electrode layer, as well as a method of producing a detector for electromagnetic radiation, comprising providing a first, pixelated electrode layer comprising a plurality of electrode pixels, applying a plurality of tiles comprising a material configured to absorb and convert the electromagnetic radiation on the first, pixelated electrode layer, and applying a second electrode layer on the first layer.

A photoelectric conversion device includes: a substrate; a first photoelectric conversion element including a first substrate electrode, a first active layer and a first counter electrode; a second photoelectric conversion element including a second substrate electrode, a second active layer, and a second counter electrode; and a connection connecting the first counter electrode and the second substrate electrode. The second active layer is represented by a composition formula: A.sub.αBX.sub.χ, where A denotes at least one cation selected from monovalent cations, B denotes at least one cation selected from bivalent cations, and X denotes at least one ion selected from monovalent halogen ions; and the second active layer has a first and a second compound layer, the first compound layer containing a first compound satisfying 0.95≤α, and 2.95≤χ, and the second compound layer containing a second compound satisfying α<0.95, and χ<2.95.

A light-emitting device, a method of manufacturing the same and an electronic apparatus. The light-emitting device includes a silicon-based base substrate; at least one organic light-emitting diode device at the silicon-based base substrate; a first encapsulation layer, at a side of the at least one organic light-emitting diode device away from the silicon-based base substrate and including one or more sublayers; a color filter layer, at a side of the first encapsulation layer away from the at least one organic light-emitting diode device; and a second encapsulation layer, at a side of the color filter layer away from the first encapsulation layer and including one or more sublayers. A refractive index of at least one sublayer in the first encapsulation layer is greater than a refractive index of at least one sublayer in the second encapsulation layer.

The present specification relates to a fluorene-based compound of Chemical Formula 1, a coating composition including the fluorene-based compound of Chemical Formula 1, an organic light emitting device using the same, and a manufacturing method thereof

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wherein X1 to X4, L1, L2, R1 to R6, Ar1, Ar2, m1, m2, and n1 to n6 are described herein.

The present invention further improves the measurement accuracy of the viscosity of an ink composition. An ink composition for forming a functional layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element, wherein an electron spin concentration per 1 L of volume of the ink composition is 250×10.sup.16 or less. The ink composition may be an ink composition containing a solvent and a p-type semiconductor material. The ink composition may be an ink composition in which the p-type semiconductor material contains a polymer compound having an electron spin concentration per 1 g of weight of 70×10.sup.16 or less. The ink composition may be an ink composition in which the solvent contains one or more types of organic solvents and the p-type semiconductor material contains a π-conjugated polymer compound containing a donor constitutional unit and an acceptor constitutional unit.

A method of preparing a carbon nanotube monolayer film includes applying a bifunctional hydrogen-bond linker onto a substrate to prepare a surface-treated substrate, mixing carbon nanotubes having a heteroatom-containing aromatic polymer coating film with a hydrophobic solvent to obtain a composition and contacting the surface-treated substrate with the composition, and heat-treating the surface-treated substrate contacting the composition.