An organic EL device of the disclosure includes: a first electrode and a second electrode; and an organic layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode. The organic layer includes a light-emitting layer. The organic layer includes, between the first electrode and the light-emitting layer, a first layer that contains a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound having orientation, and a second layer that contains a larger amount of nitrogen element than the first layer.

A display device according to an exemplary embodiment includes a substrate including a display area and a non-display area. An alignment mark is positioned in the non-display area. A protective layer is positioned around the alignment mark in the non-display area and separated from the alignment mark in a direction parallel to an upper surface of the substrate. A supporting member is positioned between the alignment mark and the protective layer.

A display panel and a method of manufacturing the display panel are provided. The display panel includes an array substrate, a pixel definition layer, and spacers. Each of spacers includes a bottom surface and a top surface. A cross-sectional area of the top surface is less than a cross-sectional area of the bottom surface. A horizontal distance from a center to a side of the spacer gradually increases from the top surface to the bottom surface. Moreover, holes of the mask plate corresponding to positions of the spacers are defined, which ensures accuracy of photolithography and display effect of the display panel.

A photoelectric conversion element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first electrode; a second electrode that is disposed to be opposed to the first electrode; and an organic photoelectric conversion layer that is provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes one organic semiconductor material. The organic photoelectric conversion layer includes at least one or more domains (D1, D2, and D3) in a horizontal cross section. The one or more domains (D1, D2, and D3) are each formed by using the one organic semiconductor material.

There is disclosed ultrathin film material templating layers that force the morphology of subsequently grown electrically active thin films have been found to increase the performance of small molecule organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. There is disclosed electron-transporting material, such as hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) can be used as a templating material that forces donor materials, such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to assume a vertical-standing morphology when deposited onto its surface on an electrode, such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. It has been shown that for a device with HAT-CN as the templating buffer layer, the fill factor and short circuit current of CuPc:C60 OPVs were both improved compared with cells lacking the HAT-CN template. This is explained by the reduction of the series resistance due to the improved crystallinity of CuPc grown onto the ITO surface.

A vapor deposition mask device includes a vapor deposition mask having an effective region in which a plurality of first through holes is disposed, and a frame attached to the vapor deposition mask. The vapor deposition mask device includes a plurality of joint portions that joins the vapor deposition mask and the frame to each other. The plurality of joint portions is arranged along the outer edge of the vapor deposition mask. A notch is formed at a position corresponding to between two adjacent joint portions in the outer edge of the vapor deposition mask.

Sub-lithographic structures configured for selective placement of carbon nanotubes and methods of fabricating the same generally includes alternating conformal first and second layers provided on a topographical pattern formed in a dielectric layer. The conformal layers can be deposited by atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition at thicknesses less than 5 nanometers. A planarized surface of the alternating conformal first and second layers provides an alternating pattern of exposed surfaces corresponding to the first and second layer, wherein a width of at least a portion of the exposed surfaces is substantially equal to the thickness of the corresponding first and second layers. The first layer is configured to provide an affinity for carbon nanotubes and the second layer does not have an affinity such that the carbon nanotubes can be selectively placed onto the exposed surfaces of the alternating pattern corresponding to the first layer.

A method of fabricating a carbon nanotube based device, including forming a trench having a bottom surface and sidewalls on a substrate, selectively depositing a bi-functional compound having two reactive moieties in the trench, wherein a first of the two reactive moieties selectively binds to the bottom surface, converting a second of the two reactive moieties to a diazonium salt; and reacting the diazonium salt with a dispersion of carbon nanotubes to form a carbon nanotube layer bound to the bottom surface of the trench.

The invention provides a method of forming a perovskite film for an optoelectronic device, the method comprising: applying a perovskite precursor solution to at least one part of a hydrophilic region of a substrate, wherein the hydrophilic region is bounded by a hydrophobic boundary; allowing the perovskite precursor solution to spread over the hydrophilic region, wherein the perovskite precursor solution is retained within the hydrophilic region by at least a portion of the hydrophobic boundary; and drying the perovskite precursor solution to form a perovskite film on the hydrophilic region.

A mask includes: a body portion including a cell area, and a peripheral area surrounding the cell area, the body portion having a plurality of cell openings defined therein; and a plurality of mark patterns at the peripheral area. The cell area includes: a first area; and a second area adjacent to the first area, and the plurality of cell openings includes: first cell openings defined at the first area, and spaced from each other; and second cell openings defined at the second area, and spaced from each other. Each of the mark patterns includes at least one recess portion, and has a point-symmetrical shape with respect to a corresponding symmetry point.