The present application discloses a self-luminous apparatus including: a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, a light emitting layer between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, and an insulating layer between or outside the first electrode layer and the first substrate; wherein, at least one layer of the insulating layer, the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is produced a hybrid structure having mixed material with high and low refractive index by the changes of the temperature and/or pressure and chemical vapor deposition to improve light emission efficiency. The present application also discloses a method to manufacturing the self-luminous apparatus and a display apparatus. By the way mentioned above, making the light pass the hybrid structure having mixed material with high and low refractive index to scattering or refraction light, reducing the total reflection of light and improve the light transmittance of the apparatus.

A compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, a sensor including the compound, a sensor-embedded display panel including the compound, and an electronic device including the compound.

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula 1, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, L.sup.1, A, R1, and R.sup.2 are the same as in the specification.

Provided are an organometallic complex represented by Chemical Formula 1, a light emitting diode including the same, a display panel, a sensor, and an electronic device.

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula 1, M, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and Y are as defined in the specification.

The present invention provides a hole transport material, a preparation method thereof, and an electroluminescent device. Through ingenious molecular design, a xanthracene structure is combined with different electron-donating groups to synthesize a series of hole transport materials with a suitable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and a suitable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, and a series of high-performance display devices can be manufactured using the hole transport materials provided by the present invention.

Disclosed are an organic light emitting display device and lighting apparatus for vehicles using the same. The organic light emitting display device includes a first layer including a first organic layer and a first emission layer on a first electrode, a second layer including a second emission layer and a second organic layer on the first layer, a second electrode on the second layer, and a third organic layer between the first layer and the second layer. A thickness of the first emission layer is equal to or greater than a thickness of each of the first organic layer and the second organic layer.

The invention relates to a structure comprising at least two impermeable substrates, at least one of these substrates being transparent, at least one intermediate adhesive film and at least one electronic or optoelectronic organic device between the two substrates, said device comprising a stack of organic layers comprising a photoelectroactive layer, with, on either side of the latter, additional organic layers that facilitate the transport of charge, among which layers mention may be made of a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, said stack being inserted between two carriers, said stack of organic layers essentially containing materials the glass transition temperature (T.sub.gM) of which is such that T.sub.gM−T.sub.gf≧130° C., where T.sub.gf is the glass transition temperature of the material from which the intermediate adhesive film is made.

Disclosed is a flexible display apparatus. The flexible display apparatus includes a display part, a first adhesive film, an optical film, a second adhesive film, and a window film sequentially stacked, and the second adhesive film has a water-vapor permeability of about 200 g/m.sup.2.Math.24 hr or less, and the first adhesive film has a lower restoration force than the second adhesive film, as calculated by the Equation B set forth herein.

A method of assembling a perovskite emissive layer is provided. The method comprises the steps of: providing a substrate; providing a bank structure disposed over the substrate, wherein the bank structure is patterned so as to define at least one sub-pixel on the substrate; providing a perovskite ink, wherein the perovskite ink comprises at least one solvent and at least one perovskite light emitting material mixed in the at least one solvent; depositing the perovskite ink into the at least one sub-pixel over the substrate using a method of inkjet printing; and vacuum drying the perovskite ink inside a vacuum drying chamber to assemble a perovskite emissive layer in the at least one sub-pixel. A perovskite emissive layer assembled using the provided method is also provided. A perovskite light emitting device comprising a perovskite emissive layer assembled using the provided method is also provided.

A method of fabricating a perovskite light emitting device is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of: providing a substrate; providing a first electrode disposed over the substrate; providing a bank structure disposed over the substrate, wherein the bank structure is patterned so as to define at least one sub-pixel on the substrate; providing a first transport layer ink, wherein the first transport layer ink comprises at least one solvent and at least one first charge transport material mixed in the at least one solvent; depositing the first transport layer ink into the at least one sub-pixel over the first electrode using a method of inkjet printing; vacuum drying the first transport layer ink inside a vacuum drying chamber to assemble a first transport layer over the first electrode in the at least one sub-pixel; annealing the first transport layer; providing a perovskite ink, wherein the perovskite ink comprises at least one solvent and at least one perovskite light emitting material mixed in the at least one solvent; depositing the perovskite ink into the at least one sub-pixel over the first transport layer using a method of inkjet printing; vacuum drying the perovskite ink inside a vacuum drying chamber to assemble a perovskite emissive layer over the first transport layer in the at least one sub-pixel; annealing the perovskite emissive layer; and depositing a second electrode over the perovskite emissive layer using a method of vapour deposition. Perovskite light emitting devices and displays fabricated using the provided method are also provided.

A perovskite light-emitting diode and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method includes steps of providing a substrate, disposing a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, and a perovskite precursor liquid layer on the substrate, coating the perovskite precursor liquid layer with a first solvent, performing a first thermal process to form a perovskite prefabricated layer, coating the perovskite prefabricated layer with a second solvent, and performing a second thermal process to form a perovskite light-emitting layer.