The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion apparatus which includes a semiconductor substrate, signal output units disposed on the semiconductor substrate, a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers disposed on a surface of the substrate, and an upper electrode in this order. The photoelectric conversion apparatus further includes insulation layers which are disposed between the plurality of photoelectric conversion layers and which have lines connected to power supply units. The upper electrode and the lines are electrically connected to each other on side surfaces of the insulation layers.

A system and method for fabricating a perovskite film is provided, the system including a housing for use as a CVD furnace having first and second sections coupled with first and second temperature control units, respectively. The first and second sections correspond substantially to the upstream and downstream of gases, respectively. One or more substrates are loaded in the second section and controlled by the second temperature control unit, and an evaporation unit containing an organic halide material is loaded in the first section and controlled by the first temperature control unit. Each of the substrates is pre-deposited with a metal halide material. The inside of the housing is pumped down to a low pressure.

A method of laser-depositing at least one type of organic material, characterized in that a duty ratio of a laser that evaporates the organic material is adjusted, which addresses the problem of providing an organic material deposition method and deposition apparatus that solve the issues in the conventional art, such as the organic material vaporizing and contaminating the other raw materials to be deposited, and the film formation rate running out of control, and whereby the film formation rate and the evaporation rate can be stably adjusted and controlled. Additionally, the invention is characterized in that the duty ratio is adjusted based on the evaporation rate of the organic substance or the vapor pressure inside the vacuum chamber used for deposition.

Disclosed is a photoelectrochemical cell to convert solar energy into electrical energy and to a process for the realization of the photoelectrochemical cell. The photoelectrochemical cell includes: —a first conductive external membrane; —a nanomembrane fixed to the first membrane and including titanium dioxide; —a natural pigment absorbed in the nanomembrane; —a second conductive external membrane disposed in an opposite position to the first membrane; an electrolyte, disposed between the nanomembrane and the second membrane.

Disclosed is a photoelectric conversion element including a cell. The cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an oxide semiconductor layer provided on the first electrode, and an electrolyte provided between the first and second electrodes. The second electrode includes an annular portion, an approaching portion approaching the oxide semiconductor layer closer than the annular portion and an annular connecting portion connecting the annular portion and the approaching portion, and the oxide semiconductor layer includes an inner part facing the approaching portion on the first electrode and an annular outer part provided around the inner part and facing the connecting portion. The outer part includes a plurality of linear portions separated from one another and a corner portion connecting two adjacent linear portions to each other, the corner portion is thicker than the linear portion, and the linear portion is thicker than the inner part.

Provided are a photoelectric conversion element having a photosensitive layer including a light absorber, in which the light absorber includes a compound having a perovskite-type crystal structure including specific cations and anions, and at least some of the anions constituting the compound are organic anions represented by Formula (An) and a solar cell using this photoelectric conversion element.

R.sup.1—C(═X.sup.1)—X.sup.2  Formula (An) R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an aliphatic heterocyclic group, —N(R.sup.2).sub.2, —OR.sup.3, —SR.sup.4, or a halogen atom. X.sup.1 represents an O atom or a S atom. X.sup.2 represents O.sup.− or S.sup.−. R.sup.2 to R.sup.4 are specific groups. Here, in a case in which X.sup.1 is an O atom and X.sup.2 is O.sup.−, R.sup.1 is a specific group.

The present invention provides a novel compound to be used in a solar cell. The compound of the present invention is an organic-inorganic hybrid compound represented by Formula (I).

R.sup.1CH.sub.2N.sup.+H.sub.3M.sup.1X.sup.1.sub.3   (I)

where, R.sup.1 is a C1-C5 alkyl group or C2-C5 alkenyl group substituted with at least one halogen atom; M.sup.1 is a divalent metal ion; X.sup.1 is a monovalent halogen atom ion; and X.sup.1.sub.3 is formed from one type of halogen atom ion or a combination of two or more types of halogen atom ions.

Disclosed is a method for preparing the light absorption layer of a perovskite solar cell using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The method for preparing the light absorption layer of a perovskite solar cell using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method includes forming a PbI.sub.x thin film on a substrate by means of chemical vapor deposition; supplying methylamine and an iodine (I) precursor on the PbI.sub.x (1≤x≤2) thin film and forming a CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.3 thin film having a perovskite structure through heat treatment.

A solar cell system and a flexible solar panel are disclosed herein. The solar cell system includes a glass housing, a set of rows of solar cells each defining a front side and a rear side and arranged within the glass housing. The solar cell system can also include a reflective element disposed in the glass housing and facing the rear side of the set of rows of solar cells and a first terminal coupled to a first end of the set of rows of solar cells, traversing through and sealed against the first end of the glass housing. The solar cell system can be configured with other solar cell systems into the flexible solar panel that is deployable in a wide range of potential applications.

A class of crystals comprises an inorganic lattice in which organic molecules are embedded, thereby allowing macroscopic electro-optic responsiveness. The lattice is based on a metal halide perovskite structure. The organic molecules can be with an intrinsic dipole such that when aligned and fixed in place in the inorganic lattice, they induce electro-optic responsiveness in the macroscopic crystal. Alternatively, their mere presence in the structure can induce sufficient polarity in the scaffold itself for a similar responsiveness. The molecules themselves can comprise a carbon backbone that is completely conductive, partially conductive, or non-conductive, as well as zero, one or two functional groups that allow binding to the lattice and increased polarity.