A process for the synthesis of -conjugated materials including a step of utilizing a synthon having a carbazole or fluorene nucleus.

The nitrogen battery of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode that uses nitrogen as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and an ion conducting medium that contains a silane compound and conducts alkali metal ions.

The present embodiments provide a highly durable semiconductor element capable of generating electricity or emitting light with high efficiency, and further provide a manufacturing method thereof. The semiconductor element according to the embodiment comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, an active layer and a substrate, and is characterized in that the active layer contains crystals oriented anisotropically. For manufacturing the element, the active layer is produced by the steps of: applying a coating solution containing precursor compounds of the active layer and an organic solvent capable of dissolving the precursor compounds, to form a coating film; and then growing the crystals in a specific direction parallel to the surface of the coating film.

A photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, an electron transport layer on the first electrode, a charge transfer layer, and a second electrode is provided. The electron transport layer includes an electron transport compound, and the electron transport compound carries a compound represented by the following formula (1) and a compound represented by the following formula (2):

##STR00001##

where each of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently represents oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or selenium atom; R.sub.1 represents methine group; R.sub.2 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group; each of R.sub.3 independently represents an acidic group; m represents an integer of 1 or 2; and each of Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 independently represents a group forming a cyclic structure;

R.sub.5R.sub.4COOHFormula (2)

where R.sub.4 represents an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; and R.sub.5 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkenyl group, an alkylthio group, or an aryl ether group.

Provided is a solar cell comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; a photoabsorber layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first semiconductor layer located between the first electrode and the photoabsorber layer; and a second semiconductor layer located between the second electrode and the photoabsorber layer. At least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode is light-transmissive. The photoabsorber layer contains a perovskite compound represented by the composition formula AMX.sub.3 (where A represents a monovalent cation, M represents a divalent cation, and X represents a halogen anion). The first semiconductor layer contains Li. The second semiconductor layer contains LiN(SO.sub.2CnF.sub.2n+1).sub.2 (where n is a natural number of not less than 2).

Provided is a solar cell including: a first electrode; an electron transport layer positioned on the first electrode; a light absorber; a hole transport layer; and a second electrode, wherein the light absorber contains a solid-solution of at least two organic-metal halides with a perovskite structure, having different compositions from each other.

A photoelectric conversion device includes: a photoelectric conversion element; a voltage converter; an electric storage; a load; a voltage monitor; a switch that switches between a first state and a second state; and a controller. In the first state, a voltage output from the voltage converter is applied to the electric storage but not the load, and in the second state, the voltage output is not applied to either the electric storage or the load. When the monitored voltage of the electric storage reaches a full charge voltage of the electric storage, the electric storage is discharged and a voltage is applied to the load by switching the switch to the second state. When the monitored voltage of the electric storage becomes less than the full charge voltage of the electric storage, the electric storage is charged by switching the switch to the first state.

A method for manufacturing a HEMT/HHMT device based on CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.3 material are provided. The method includes: selecting an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate; manufacturing a source electrode and a drain electrode; forming a first electron transport layer on a surface of the source electrode, a surface of the drain electrode, and a surface of the Al.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate not covered by the source electrode and the drain electrode; manufacturing CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.3 material on a surface of the first electron transport layer to form a first light absorbing layer; and forming a gate electrode on a surface of the first light absorbing layer to complete the manufacture of the HEMT device.

A photoelectric conversion cell includes: an electrode substrate; a counter substrate facing the electrode substrate; a ring-shaped sealing portion bonding the electrode substrate with the counter substrate; and an electrolyte disposed inside the ring-shaped sealing portion. The sealing portion includes: a ring-shaped first resin sealing portion adhered to the electrode substrate; and a ring-shaped second resin sealing portion. The counter substrate is sandwiched between the first and second resin sealing portions. Each of the first and second resin sealing portions includes a thermoplastic resin. A melting point of the second resin sealing portion is higher than a melting point of the first resin sealing portion. The first resin sealing portion includes: a first main body part adhered to the electrode substrate; and a first protrusion part disposed on a side of the first main body part facing a direction opposite to the electrode substrate.

A photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, an electron transport layer on the first electrode, a charge transfer layer, and a second electrode is provided. The electron transport layer includes an electron transport compound, and the electron transport compound carries a compound represented by the following formula (1) and a compound represented by the following formula (2): ##STR00001##
where each of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently represents oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or selenium atom; R.sub.1 represents methine group; R.sub.2 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group; each of R.sub.3 independently represents an acidic group; m represents an integer of 1 or 2; and each of Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 independently represents a group forming a cyclic structure;
R.sub.5R.sub.4COOHFormula (2)
where R.sub.4 represents an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; and R.sub.5 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkenyl group, an alkylthio group, or an aryl ether group.