A method for preparing an inorganic perovskite battery based on a synergistic effect of gradient annealing and antisolvent includes preparing a perovskite layer by a gradient annealing and an antisolvent treatment. A thickness of the perovskite layer is 100 to 1000 nm; when preparing a perovskite precursor solution of the perovskite layer, a solvent is an amide-based solvent and/or a sulfone-based solvent; a concentration of the perovskite precursor solution for preparing the perovskite layer is 0.4 to 2 M; and the gradient annealing is conducted at 40 to 70? C./0.5 to 5 min+70 to 130? C./0.5 to 5 min+130 to 160? C./5 to 20 min+160 to 280? C./0 to 20 min; and a solvent for the anti-solvent treatment is an alcohol solvent, a benzene solvent or an ether solvent.

Disclosed is an electrolyte of a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element for low illuminance which contains a halogen, a halide salt forming a redox couple with the halogen, and a silver halide. In this electrolyte, the concentration of the silver halide is from 0.0001 to 10 mM.

The present application discloses devices that includes a perovskite layer, a first layer that includes an oxide, and an interface layer, where the interface layer is positioned between the first layer and the perovskite layer, the interface layer is in physical contact with both the first layer and the perovskite layer, and the interface layer consists essentially of the oxide.

Provided are a hole transport material composite including a lead-free perovskite (Cs.sub.2SnI.sub.6), a liquid ionic conductor and a solvent that is a solid at a room temperature, a solar cell, and a method of manufacturing the lead-free perovskite-based hole transport material composite.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; an electron transport layer; a hole transport layer; and a second electrode, wherein the hole transport layer contains a compound represented by general formula (1) below,

##STR00001##

where in the formula, R.sub.1 represents a methoxy group or an ethoxy group, R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen group or a methyl group, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen group, a methyl group, or a methoxy group, R.sub.4 represents a methoxy group, and X represents CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, O, or C(CH.sub.2).sub.5.

A photovoltaic device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, an active layer disposed at least partially between the first and second electrodes, an interfacial layer disposed at least partially between the first and second electrodes, and a non-stoichiometric oxide layer disposed at least partially between and in contact with one of the first or second electrodes and an encapsulant layer. The active layer of the photovoltaic device comprises a photoactive material.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device comprising a semiconducting material, wherein the semiconducting material comprises a compound comprising: (i) one or more first monocations [A]; (ii) one or more second monocations [B.sup.I]; (iii) one or more trications [B.sup.III]; and (iv) one or more halide anions [X]. The invention also relates to a process for producing a semiconductor device comprising said semiconducting material. Also described is a compound comprising: (i) one or more first monocations [A]; (ii) one or more second monocations [B.sup.I] selected from Cu.sup.+, Ag.sup.+ and Au.sup.+; (iii) one or more trications [B.sup.III]; and (iv) one or more halide anions [X].

Presented herein is a voltaic cell containing light harvesting antennae or other biologically-based electron generating structures optionally in a microbial population, an electron siphon population having electron conductive properties with individual siphons configured to accept electrons from the light harvesting antennae and transport the electrons to a current collector, an optional light directing system (e.g., a mirror), and a regulator having sensing and regulatory feedback properties for the conversion of photobiochemical energy and biochemical energy to electricity. Also presented herein is a voltaic cell having electricity-generating abilities in the absence of light. Also presented herein is the use of the voltaic cell in a solar panel.

Provided are a hole transporting material for a photovoltaic device and a photovoltaic device including the same, wherein the hole transporting material is a triphenylamine derivative into which a specific substituent is introduced. The triphenylamine derivative into which the specific substituent is introduced according to the present invention is used as a material of a hole transport layer of the photovoltaic device to exhibit improved power conversion efficiency than those of the existing materials. The triphenylamine derivative into which the specific substituent is introduced according to the present invention has high hole mobility, an appropriate energy level, thermal stability, and good solubility due to a structural characteristic, and when the triphenylamine derivative is applied as the hole transporting material of the photovoltaic device, particularly, a perovskite solar cell, or an organic solar cell, excellent power conversion efficiency and device stability are exhibited as compared to the existing hole transporting material, Spiro-OMeTAD or PEDOT:PSS mixture.

An oxadiazole dye for use as an organic photosensitizer. The oxadiazole dye comprising donor--spacer-acceptor type portions in which at least one of an oxadiazole isomer acts as a -conjugated bridge (spacer), a biphenyl unit acts as an electron-donating unit, a carboxyl group act as an electron acceptor group, and a cyano group acts as an anchor group. An optional thiophene group acts as part of the -conjugated bridge (spacer). The dye for use as organic photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell and in photodynamic therapies. Computational DFT and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) modeling techniques showing Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE), Free Energy for Electron Injection (G.sup.inject), Excitation Energies, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the series of dye comprise a more negative G.sup.inject and a higher LHE value; resulting in a higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).