Disclosed herein are perovskite based optoelectronic devices made entirely via solution-processing at low temperatures (<150? C.) which provide for simple manufacturing, compatibility with flexible substrates, and perovskite-based tandem devices. These perovskite based optoelectronic devices are produced using an electron transport layer on which the perovskite layer is formed which is passivated using a ligand selected to reduce electron-hole recombination at the interface between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer.

The present specification relates to an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell.

A photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, an electron transport layer on the first electrode, a charge transfer layer, and a second electrode is provided. The electron transport layer includes an electron transport compound, and the electron transport compound carries a compound represented by the following formula (1) and a compound represented by the following formula (2):

##STR00001##

where each of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently represents oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or selenium atom; R.sub.1 represents methine group; R.sub.2 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group; each of R.sub.3 independently represents an acidic group; m represents an integer of 1 or 2; and each of Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 independently represents a group forming a cyclic structure;

R.sub.5R.sub.4COOHFormula (2)

where R.sub.4 represents an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; and R.sub.5 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkenyl group, an alkylthio group, or an aryl ether group.

A photoelectric conversion element according to the present disclosure includes an electron-transporting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a light-absorbing layer interposed between the electron-transporting layer and the hole-transporting layer. The hole-transporting layer contains a compound represented by Formula (1) below;

##STR00001##

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including at least a first electrode that includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer that contains a light absorbing agent, a hole transport layer that contains an organic hole transporting material, and a second electrode. At least one of the photosensitive layer or the hole transport layer is provided on the conductive support to constitute the first electrode in combination with the conductive support. The photosensitive layer includes at least a compound having a perovskite-type crystal structure that includes a cation of an element of Group 1 in the periodic table or a cationic organic group A, a cation of a metal atom M other than elements of Group 1 in the periodic table, and an anion of an anionic atom or atomic group X as the light absorbing agent. The hole transport layer includes at least a compound represented by the following Formula 1 as the organic hole transporting material.

##STR00001##

Provided is a dye-sensitized solar cell that is non-iodine based, that has superior diffusivity of a charge-transporting material, and that has long-term stable cell performance. The dye-sensitized solar cell is provided with a semiconductor electrode including a semiconductor and a dye, a counter electrode facing the semiconductor electrode, and an electrolyte layer provided between the semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode, wherein the electrolyte layer contains a nitroxyl radical compound and a sulfone compound represented by formula (1). [In formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group with a carbon number of 1-12, an alkoxy group, an aromatic ring, or a halogen, or alternatively, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded to each other to form a ring-shaped sulfone compound.]

A corrosion-free electrolyte for use in plasmonic-enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells includes ions of a plasmon-supporting metal, in particular iodide anions of the plasmon-supporting metal especially, but not exclusively, gold(I) diiodide anions ([AuI.sub.2].sup.) and/or gold(III) tetraiodide anions ([AuI.sub.4].sup.). Methods for preparing the electrolyte are also disclosed, as are methods for reducing the corrosion of plasmonic structures in plasmonic-enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells and for improving the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells, in particular plasmonic-enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells, by disposing the electrolyte between the electrodes. The corrosion-free electrolyte of the present invention provides a corrosion-free environment for the plasmonic structures in the plasmonic-enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells, and further advantageously increases the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells, in particular plasmonic-enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells, in the short-circuit current, the open-circuit voltage and the power conversion efficiency.

Materials and methods for improving the stability of perovskites are described.

An optoelectronic device includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, a photoactive layer that includes an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material disposed between the first and second electrodes, and a layer of a hole transport material disposed between the photoactive layer and one of the first and second electrodes. A method of producing an optoelectronic device includes forming a photoactive layer of an organic-inorganic perovskite using at least one of solution processing or thermal vacuum deposition, and depositing a layer of hole transport material on the photoactive layer using at least one of solution processing or thermal vacuum deposition. The hole transport material includes non-doped donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated small molecules.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode that includes a photosensitive layer containing a perovskite-type light absorbing agent on a conductive support; and a second electrode that is opposite to the first electrode. The perovskite-type light absorbing agent includes a metal cation M1 as a central ion of a perovskite-type crystal structure thereof, and a metal cation M2, of which a valence is different from a valence of the metal cation M1, of a metal atom other than elements of Group 1 in the periodic table. In addition, there are provided a solar cell, a method of manufacturing the photoelectric conversion element, and a metal salt composition.