A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first electrode layer, a first electron transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer, a first hole transport layer, a second electrode layer, a third electrode layer, a second electron transport layer, a second photoelectric conversion layer, a second hole transport layer, a fourth electrode layer, and a second substrate that are disposed in the order stated. The first photoelectric conversion layer includes a first perovskite compound, and the second photoelectric conversion layer includes a second perovskite compound. The first perovskite compound has a bandgap greater than a bandgap of the second perovskite compound.

Provided is a method for preparing a perovskite electronic device including steps of: forming an electron transport layer and a second light absorption layer including a perovskite material each independently on a first substrate and a second substrate; forming a first light absorption layer including a perovskite material on the electron transport layer; coating a solvent on the surface of the first light absorption layer and the second light absorption layer; bonding the second light absorption layer on the first light absorption layer; removing the second substrate; forming a hole transport layer on the second light absorption layer; and forming an electrode on the hole transport layer.

The process comprises treating 90-190 g titanium (IV) chloride in 10-100 ml de-ionized water for preparing Titanium cation (Ti.sup.4+); treating 130-275 ml potassium persulfate in 10-100 ml double-distilled water and keeping at constant temperature to obtain sulphate/oxide; dipping substrates into titanium (IV) chloride solution and re-dipping in de-ionized water to remove loosely bonded ions, if could be any; dipping substrates into potassium persulfate solution and re-dipping in de-ionized water to remove loosely bonded ions, if could be any, and keeping at 50-90° C. for complete one cycle; treating obtained Titanium cation (Ti.sup.4+) with sulphate/oxide and obtaining whitish layer on the substrate surface by necked eyes after about 10-15 cycles, suggesting initiation of film formation, wherein the deposition thickness of TiO.sub.2 layer is increased from 0.3-2.0-micron on determined 5-50 deposition cycles; and rinsing deposited films with de-ionized water and air annealed at 400-600° C. temperature to obtain anatase TiO.sub.2.

The flexible dye-sensitized solar panel with an organic chromophore is formed from an organic chromophore dye in a polymer matrix. The organic chromophore dye is extracted from chard (B. vulgaris subsp. cicla). The polymer matrix may be formed from either poly(vinyl alcohol) or polystyrene. The flexible dye-sensitized solar panel with an organic chromophore is made by preparing a solution of the selected polymer in the dye extracted from the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla. The solution is coated on a glass plate and dried to form a thin film. The thin flexible film is removed from the plate, forming the flexible dye-sensitized solar panel with an organic chromophore.

A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Embodiments provide a transparent electrode having high stability, low sheet resistance, and high light transmissivity, a method for producing the transparent electrode, and an electronic device using the transparent electrode.

A transparent electrode including a structure including a transparent base material, a metal grid, metal nanowire, and a neutral polythiophene mixture. The metal grid has an embedded portion embedded in the transparent base material and a protrusion portion protruding from the transparent base material, and the metal nanowire and the neutral polythiophene mixture are arranged in contact with the transparent base material or the protrusion portion.

Provided is a method of manufacturing an electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells, the method including: preparing a hydrogel membrane; immersing the hydrogel membrane in an electrolyzing solution containing iodine or iodide such that the hydrogel membrane is impregnated with iodide ions; and drying the hydrogel membrane.

The present invention relates to a working electrode (1a) for a photovoltaic device, comprising a light absorbing layer (3) and a conductive layer (6) arranged in electrical contact with the light absorbing layer (3), and the light absorbing layer (3) comprises a light absorbing photovoltaic material consisting of a plurality of dye molecules. The light absorbing layer (3) is formed by a layer of a plurality of clusters (7), whereby each cluster (7) is formed by dye molecules and each dye molecule in the cluster (7) is bonded to its adjacent dye molecules.

A photoelectric conversion element including: a first substrate; a first electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; and a second substrate, wherein the photoelectric conversion element includes a sealing part sealing at least the photoelectric conversion layer, the sealing part is disposed so as to surround periphery of the photoelectric conversion layer, and a width of the sealing part disposed at each side has a minimum width A and a maximum width B in a width direction, and a ratio (B/A) of the maximum width B to the minimum width A is 1.02 or more but 5.0 or less.

The present invention provides a novel method for producing a laminate to be used as a light-transmissive electrode layer and an N-type semiconductor layer of a wet or solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a light-transmissive electrode layer, an N-type semiconductor layer, a P-type semiconductor layer, and a facing electrode in this order. In said method, a member to be used as the light-transmissive electrode layer is cathode-polarized in a treatment solution containing a Ti component so as to form a titanium oxide layer to be used as the N-type semiconductor layer on said member.