An electrode for an energy storage device includes carbon black particles having (a) a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area ranging from 70 to 120 m.sup.2/g; (b) an oil absorption number (OAN) ranging from 180 to 310 mL/100 g; (c) a surface energy less than or equal to 15 mJ/m.sup.2; and (d) either an L.sub.a crystallite size less than or equal to 29 Å, or a primary particle size less than or equal to 24 nm.

An electrode for an energy storage device includes carbon black particles having (a) a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area ranging from 70 to 120 m.sup.2/g; (b) an oil absorption number (OAN) ranging from 180 to 310 mL/100 g; (c) a surface energy less than or equal to 15 mJ/m.sup.2; and (d) either an L.sub.a crystallite size less than or equal to 29 Å, or a primary particle size less than or equal to 24 nm.

An energy storage capacitor having a composite electrode structure includes: a case; a rolled body arranged inside the case; and an electrolyte stored inside the case. The rolled body includes: a first anode foil having a first anode lead plate connected at one side of one surface, a first cathode foil arranged to face the other surface of the first cathode foil with the one surface of the first anode foil and a first cathode lead plate connected at the other side, a second cathode foil arranged to face the other surface of the second cathode foil with one surface of the first cathode foil and having a second cathode lead plate connected at one side of one surface, a second anode foil arranged to face the one surface of the second cathode foil and a second anode lead plate connected at the other side.

The present invention is a polymer supercapacitor and method for making such a supercapacitor. The supercapacitor is formed by loading a flexible electrode plate of a high surface area material with metal oxide particles, then encasing the electrode plate in a coating of a polymer electrolyte. The electrode plate is then folded in half and flexible plates attached to the upper and lower surfaces to form the supercapacitor.

The present invention is a polymer supercapacitor and method for making such a supercapacitor. The supercapacitor is formed by loading a flexible electrode plate of a high surface area material with metal oxide particles, then encasing the electrode plate in a coating of a polymer electrolyte. The electrode plate is then folded in half and flexible plates attached to the upper and lower surfaces to form the supercapacitor.

Electrochemical device using thin micro-porous metal sheets. The porous metal sheet may have a thickness less than 200 μm, provides three-dimensional networked pore structures of pore sizes in the range of 2.0 nm to 5.0 μm, and is electrically conductive. The micro-porous metal sheet is used for positively and/or negatively-charged electrodes by providing large specific contact surface area of reactants/electron. Nano-sized catalyst or features can be added inside pores of the porous metal sheet of pore sizes at sub- and micrometer scale to enhance the reaction activity and capacity. Micro-porous ceramic materials may be coated on the porous metal sheet at a thickness of less than 40 μm to enhance the functionality of the porous metal sheet and may function as a membrane separator. The electrochemical device may be used for decomposing molecules and for synthesis of molecules such as synthesis of ammonia from water and nitrogen molecules.

An electrochemical device includes an electrochemical cell and an electric circuit. The electrochemical cell comprises a first solid component and a second solid component. The two solid components comprise same chemical elements but have different concentrations of at least one type of the chemical elements. A solid electrolyte is arranged between the two solid components. The solid electrolyte is a dielectric material. The electric circuit is connected to the electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell may be operated according to a redox process, so as to exchange chemical elements of the at least one type between the first solid component and the second solid component and thereby change an electrical conductance of each of the two solid components.

An electrode material includes a fine-array porous material. The fine-array porous material includes a plurality of pores having a substantially uniform size of <1000 μm, with a variation of <20%, and comprises a metal such as Ni, Al, Ti, Sn and Mn. The metal fine-array porous electrode material can be surface-treated to form a metal oxide on the surface of the porous electrode material, or be coated with a metal oxide including RuO.sub.2, TaO. An electrical energy storage apparatus, such as a supercapacitor or a lithium battery, containing the fine-array porous electrode material can have significantly improved performances as compared with conventional materials.

An electrode material includes a fine-array porous material. The fine-array porous material includes a plurality of pores having a substantially uniform size of <1000 μm, with a variation of <20%, and comprises a metal such as Ni, Al, Ti, Sn and Mn. The metal fine-array porous electrode material can be surface-treated to form a metal oxide on the surface of the porous electrode material, or be coated with a metal oxide including RuO.sub.2, TaO. An electrical energy storage apparatus, such as a supercapacitor or a lithium battery, containing the fine-array porous electrode material can have significantly improved performances as compared with conventional materials.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a separator between the first and the second electrode. At least one of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the separator includes frustules, for example of diatoms. The frustules may have a uniform or substantially uniform property or attribute such as shape, dimension, and/or porosity. A property or attribute of the frustules can also be modified by applying or forming a surface modifying structure and/or material to a surface of the frustules. A membrane for an energy storage device includes frustules. An ink for a printed film includes frustules.