An integrated energy storage device is provided that includes a supercapacitor and a battery surrounding the supercapacitor. The battery forms a shell around an exterior surface of the supercapacitor. The battery includes a first anode, a first cathode, and an electrolyte disposed between the first anode and the first cathode. The supercapacitor includes a second anode, a second cathode, and a separator disposed between the second anode and the second cathode.

A mixed conductor represented by Formula 1:
A.sub.4±xTi.sub.5−yG.sub.zO.sub.12−δ  Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A is a monovalent cation, G is at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, a pentavalent cation, or a hexavalent cation, with the proviso that G is not Ti or Cr, wherein 0<x<2, 0.3<y<5, 0<z<5, and 0<δ≤3.

A mixed conductor represented by Formula 1:
A.sub.4±xTi.sub.5−yG.sub.zO.sub.12−δ  Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A is a monovalent cation, G is at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, a pentavalent cation, or a hexavalent cation, with the proviso that G is not Ti or Cr, wherein 0<x<2, 0.3<y<5, 0<z<5, and 0<δ≤3.

A composite electrode is provided having a collector, the collector is coated with an electrode composition containing an active electrode material, a binding agent, and a conductivity additive such as conductive carbon black. The electrode composition has a concentration gradient along the direction of the electrode thickness in respect of the active electrode material and the conductivity additive, with the concentration gradient of the active electrode material increasing toward the collector, and the concentration gradient of the conductivity additive and the binder decreasing toward the collector. Two different methods of producing the composite electrode are also provided. A lithium-ion battery is further provided which includes a composite electrode having a collector, the collector is coated with an electrode composition containing an active electrode material, a binding agent, and a conductivity additive.

Composite particles for electrochemical device electrodes, which contain an electrode active material and a binder. A composite particle layer formed of the composite particles has a pressure loss of 5.0 mbar or less and a dynamic repose angle of 20° or more and less than 40°.

A novel silicon material is provided.

An MSix-containing silicon material contains MSix (M is at least one element selected from the group 3 to 9 elements. 1/3≦x≦3) in a silicon matrix.

A novel silicon material is provided.

An MSix-containing silicon material contains MSix (M is at least one element selected from the group 3 to 9 elements. 1/3≦x≦3) in a silicon matrix.

A bio-mineralized composition for use in an electrochemical cell is described. The bio-mineralized composition may comprise a material represented by general formula y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aPO.sub.c).(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[M.sub.a].(1-y)[M.sub.b(POc).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aSi.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(POc).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z, or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].w[Li.sub.2±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y-w)[M.sub.b(POc).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z, or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aBO.sub.c].(1 -y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z, or y[M.sub.aO.sub.x].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z where M represents at least one element; Ap represents group of mixtures; C represents Carbon or its allotropes; P represents element phosphorous; Si represents silicon; Li represents lithium; B represents boron; O represents oxygen and x, y, z, w, a, b, c, d and e represent a number.

A bio-mineralized composition for use in an electrochemical cell is described. The bio-mineralized composition may comprise a material represented by general formula y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aPO.sub.c).(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[M.sub.a].(1-y)[M.sub.b(POc).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aSi.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y)[M.sub.b(POc).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z, or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].w[Li.sub.2±xM.sub.aO.sub.c].(1-y-w)[M.sub.b(POc).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z, or y[Li.sub.1±xM.sub.aBO.sub.c].(1 -y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z, or y[M.sub.aO.sub.x].(1-y)[M.sub.b(PO.sub.c).sub.3±d(Ap).sub.1±e].C.sub.z where M represents at least one element; Ap represents group of mixtures; C represents Carbon or its allotropes; P represents element phosphorous; Si represents silicon; Li represents lithium; B represents boron; O represents oxygen and x, y, z, w, a, b, c, d and e represent a number.

The present invention is directed to a method for pre-lithiation of negative electrodes during lithium loaded electrode manufacturing for use in lithium-ion capacitors. There is provided a system and method of manufacture of LIC electrodes using thin lithium film having holes therein, and in particular, to the process of manufacturing lithium loaded negative electrodes for lithium-ion capacitors by pre-lithiating electrodes with thin lithium metal films, wherein the thin lithium metal films include holes therein, and the lithium loaded negative electrodes are manufactured using a roll-to-roll lamination manufacturing process.